Table 1.
Type of Study | Intestinal Permeability; Measurement Method | Levels of TJ Proteins | Levels of Other Proteins Directly Related to Cells Integrity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fructose | ||||
in vitro: T84 cells |
↑; TEER *, FITC-dextran concentration | ↓ ZO-1 | - | Cho et al. [48] |
in vitro: HT-29 cells | ↑; FITC-dextran concentration | ↓ Occludin (mRNA) | - | Kawabata et al. [50] |
in vivo: mouse | ↑; endotoxemia | - | - | Bergheim et al. [44] |
in vivo: mouse | ↑; endotoxemia |
↓ Occludin ↓ ZO-1 |
↑ MMP-9 (mRNA) ↑ MMP-13 (mRNA) ↓ (TIMP)-1 |
Spruss et al. [45] |
in vivo: mouse | ↑;endotoxemia, FITC-dextran concentration |
↓ Occludin ↓ ZO-1 |
- | Do et al. [46] |
in vivo: rat |
↑;LBP, FITC-dextran concentration | ↓ ZO-1 | - | Seki et al. [47] |
in vivo: mouse and rat |
↑; endotoxemia, LPS (mouse and rat), FITC-dextran concentration (only mouse) |
↓ ZO-1 ↓ Occludin ↓ CLDN-1 ↓ CLDN-4 |
↓ β-catenin ↓ E-cadherin ↓ Desmosome plakoglobin ↓ α-tubulin |
Cho et al. [48] |
in vivo: mouse |
↑; endotoxemia, NS; FITC-dextran and PEG400 concentrations, lactulose:mannitol ratio |
↓ Occludin (mRNA) ↓ CLDN-2 (mRNA) ↓ CLDN-5 (mRNA) |
↓ α-defensin 1 (mRNA) |
Volynets et al. [51] |
in vivo: mouse |
↑; endotoxemia, FITC-dextran concentration |
↓Occludin ↓ ZO-1 |
- | Li et al. [53] |
in vivo: human |
↑; endotoxemia, NS; LBP |
- | - | Nier et al. [61] |
GOS | ||||
in vitro: Caco-2 cells | Prevents from: ↑; TEER * | - | - | Akbari et al. [70] |
in vitro: Caco-2 cells | Prevents from: ↑; TEER *, FITC-dextran and lucifer yellow concentrations | Prevents from: ↓ CLDN-3 (protein) ↑ CLDN-3 (mRNA) |
- | Akbari et al. [69] |
in vivo: mouse |
NS; FITC-dextran concentration | Prevents from: ↑ CLDN-2 (mRNA) ↑ CLDN-3 (mRNA) |
- | |
in vivo: human |
↓; 24 h collection of sucralose and lactulose excretions to urine NS; LPS, LBP |
- | - | Krumbeck et al. [72] |
Abbreviations: TJ—tight junction, ZO—zonula occludin, MMP—matrix metalloproteinase, TIMP—tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, LPS—lipopolysaccharide, LBP—LPS-binding protein FITC—fluorescein isothiocyanate, TEER—transepithelial electrical resistance, T84; HT29—human colon cancers cell lines, CLDN—claudin, PEG400—polyethylene glycol 4000, GOS—galacto-oligosaccharide, NS—not significant/no change, ↑—increased, ↓—decreased. * The increase in permeability is indicated by decreased values of TEER.