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. 2020 Nov 8;21(21):8368. doi: 10.3390/ijms21218368

Table 2.

The effect of fatty acids on intestinal permeability markers in in vitro and in vivo studies.

Component Fluorescein Sulfonic Acid Permeability In Vitro Transepithelial Electrical Resistance
In Vitro
Measurements In In Vivo Studies Effect References
Short Chain Fatty Acids
acetate NS ↓ blood-to lumen clearance of 51Cr-EDTA tightening Elamin et al. [80]
Wan Saudi et al. [94]
butyrate increased colonic mucin secretion tightening Peng et al. [79]
Elamin et al. [80]
Nielsen et al. [81]
Peng et al. [82]
Barcelo et al. [83]
propionate ↓ blood-to lumen clearance of 51Cr-EDTA tightening Elamin et al. [78]
Wan Saudi et al. [95]
Long Chain Fatty Acids
oleic acid (OA) NS NS - - Usami et al. [90]
linolenic acid (LA) NS - slightly untightening Usami et al. [90]
α-linolenic acid (ALA) - untightening Usami et al. [90]
arachidonic acid (AA) NS ↓/↑ - slightly untightening/tightening Usami et al. [90]
Willemsen et al. [92]
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ↓/↑ - untightening/tightening Usami et al. [90]
Xiao et al. [93]
Willemsen et al. [92]
γ-linolenic acid (GLA) - untightening Usami et al. [91]
decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ↓/↑ strong insulin permeability enhancement effect untightening/tightening Usami et al. [91]
Willemsen et al. [92]
Xiao et al. [93]
Onuki et al. [96]

Abbreviations: AA—arachidonic acid, ALA—α-linolenic acid, DHA—decosahexaenoic acid, EPA—eicosapentaenoic acid, 51Cr-EDTA—51chromium-labeled ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, GLA—γ-linolenic acid, LA—linolenic acid, NS—not significant/no change, OA—oleic acid, ↑—increased, ↓—decreased.