Table 3.
Association of blood metal concentrations with ASD status among children with different GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genotypes based on interactive (metal *GST gene) models using CLR (Conditional Logistic Regression) models.
| Metal | Genetic genotype | Genetic Model | Genotype (s) | Dichotomized/Quartiles | Matched OR (95% CI) | P-Value | P-Value for Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mn | GSTP1 | Co-dominant | Ile/Ile | ≥75th vs. <75th | 1.81 (0.88, 3.70) | 0.11 | 0.09 |
| Ile/Val | ≥75th vs. <75th | 0.84 (0.48, 1.48) | 0.55 | ||||
| Val/Val | ≥75th vs. <75th | 0.57 (0.22, 1.44) | 0.23 | ||||
| Dominant | Val/* | ≥75th vs. <75th | 0.77 (0.47, 1.25) | 0.29 | 0.03 | ||
| Ile/Ile | ≥75th vs. <75th | 1.87 (0.92, 3.38) | 0.09 | ||||
| Pb | GSTP1 | Co-dominant | Ile/Ile | 2 vs 1 | 0.49 (0.15, 1.51) | 0.22 | 0.75 |
| 3 vs1 | 0.25 (0.08, 0.76) | <0.01 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.25 (0.08, 0.79) | <0.01 | |||||
| Ile/Val | 2 vs 1 | 0.62 (0.32, 1.21) | 0.16 | ||||
| 3 vs1 | 0.50 (0.25, 0.99) | 0.05 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.58 (0.30, 1.14) | 0.11 | |||||
| Val/Val | 2 vs 1 | 0.57 (0.21, 1.61) | 0.29 | ||||
| 3 vs1 | 0.21 (0.07, 0.67) | <0.01 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.42 (0.14, 1.27) | 0.12 | |||||
| Dominant | Val/* | 2 vs 1 | 0.62 (0.35, 1.09) | 0.10 | 0.63 | ||
| 3 vs1 | 0.40 (0.22, 0.71) | <0.01 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.53 (0.30, 0.95) | <0.01 | |||||
| Ile/Ile | 2 vs 1 | 0.48 (0.16, 1.50) | 0.21 | ||||
| 3 vs1 | 0.25 (0.09, 0.76) | <0.01 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.25 (0.08, 0.77) | <0.01 | |||||
| Hg | GSTP1 | Co-dominant | Ile/Ile | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.69 (0.27, 1.81) | 0.45 | 0.12 |
| Ile/Val | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.21 (0.10, 0.45) | <0.01 | ||||
| Val/Val | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.58 (0.21, 1.59) | 0.29 | ||||
| Dominant | Val/* | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.67 (0.27, 1.73) | 0.40 | 0.15 | ||
| Ile/Ile | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.30 (0.17, 0.53) | <0.01 | ||||
| Al | GSTP1 | Co-dominant | Ile/Ile | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.54 (0.24, 1.20) | 0.13 | 0.17 |
| Ile/Val | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 1.13 (0.64, 1.98) | 0.68 | ||||
| Val/Val | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 1.53 (0.66, 3.54) | 0.32 | ||||
| Dominant | Val/* | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 1.25 (0.77, 2.01) | 0.37 | 0.08 | ||
| Ile/Ile | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.57 (0.26, 1.26) | 0.16 | ||||
| Pb | GSTM1 | DD | 2 vs 1 | 0.68 (0.27, 1.70) | 0.41 | 0.49 | |
| 3 vs1 | 0.30 (0.11, 0.84) | 0.02 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.29 (0.11, 0.75) | <0.01 | |||||
| I* | 2 vs 1 | 0.47 (0.26, 0.88) | <0.01 | ||||
| 3 vs1 | 0.38 (0.21, 0.70) | <0.01 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.50 (0.27, 0.95) | 0.03 | |||||
| Hg | GSTM1 | DD | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.51 (0.34, 1.72) | 0.18 | 0.40 | |
| I* | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.30 (0.17, 0.56) | <0.01 | ||||
| Mn | GSTM1 | DD | ≥75th vs. <75th | 0.94 (0.42, 2.09) | 0.88 | 0.68 | |
| I* | ≥75th vs. <75th | 1.13 (0.71, 1.81) | 0.60 | ||||
| Pb | GSTT1 | DD | 2 vs 1 | 0.62 (0.23, 1.66) | 0.34 | 0.82 | |
| 3 vs1 | 0.27 (0.09, 0.80) | <0.01 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.46 (0.18, 1.21) | 0.12 | |||||
| I* | 2 vs 1 | 0.51 (0.28, 0.93) | 0.03 | ||||
| 3 vs1 | 0.41 (0.22, 0.73) | <0.01 | |||||
| 4 vs 1 | 0.42 (0.22, 0.78) | <0.01 | |||||
| Al | GSTT1 | DD | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 2.00 (0.90, 4.47) | 0.09 | 0.04 | |
| I* | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.77 (0.48, 1.25) | 0.29 | ||||
| Hg | GSTT1 | DD | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.29 (0.11, 0.76) | <0.01 | 0.58 | |
| I* | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.39 (0.22, 0.70) | <0.01 | ||||
| As | GSTT1 | DD | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 1.18 (0.54, 2.57) | 0.67 | 0.07 | |
| I* | ≥LoD vs. <LoD | 0.56 (0.33, 0.96) | 0.03 | ||||
| Mn | GSTT1 | DD | ≥75th vs. <75th | 1.67 (0.77, 3.59) | 0.19 | 0.13 | |
| I* | ≥75th vs. <75th | 0.84 (0.51, 1.37) | 0.48 |
For GSTP1, n = 524 children (262 matched pairs); For GSTM1, n = 518 children (259 matched pairs); For GSTT1, n= 516 children (258 matched pairs).
Mn was categorized into binary (≥75th vs. <75th), Pb was categorized into quartiles, and Hg, As, Al, and Cd were categorized into binary (≥limit of detection (LoD) vs. <LoD).