Figure 3.

Genetic Changes in the Eastern Steppe across Time Characterized by qpAdm

(A–F) Major time periods: (A) Pre-Bronze through Early Bronze Age, (B) Middle/Late Bronze Age, (C) Early Iron Age, (D) Xiongnu period, (E) Early Medieval, and (F) Late Medieval.

Modeled ancestry proportions are indicated by sample size-scaled pie charts, with ancestry source populations shown below (see STAR Methods). The sample size range for each panel is indicated in the upper right. For (B) and (C), Baikal_EBA is modeled as light blue; in (D–F), Khövsgöl_LBA (purple) and the Sagly/Uyuk of Chandman_IA (pink) are modeled as new sources (Figure 4). Cultural groups are indicated by bold text. For (D–F), individuals are Late Xiongnu, Türkic, and Mongol, respectively, unless otherwise noted. Previously published reference populations are noted with white text; all others are from this study. Populations beyond the map borders are indicated by arrows. Burial locations have been jittered to improve visibility of overlapping individuals.