Figure 5.

Functional Allele Frequencies and Sex-Biased Patterns of Genetic Admixture

(A) Allele frequencies of five phenotypic SNP changes through time. For the effective allele, we show maximum likelihood frequency estimates and one standard error bar for each ancient group. The pre-MLBA category corresponds to the sum of all ancient groups before Mönkhkhairkhan. Xiongnu, Early Medieval, and Late Medieval correspond to the sum of all ancient groups in each period correspondingly. Horizontal dashed lines show allele frequency information from the 1000 Genomes Project’s five super populations.

(B) Sex-biased patterns of genetic admixture by period and population. We calculated Z scores for every ancient individual who has genetic admixture with WSH-/Iranian-/Han-related ancestry. Positive scores suggest more WSH-/Iranian-/Han-related ancestry on the autosomes, i.e., male-driven admixture. See Figure S2C for individual Z scores.