Figure S4.

Genetic Changes in the Eastern Steppe across Time Characterized by qpAdm with All Individuals Indicated, Related to Figures 3 and 4

(A) Pre-Bronze through Early Bronze Age;

(B) Middle/Late Bronze Age;

(C) Early Iron Age;

(D) Xiongnu period;

(E) Early Medieval;

(F) Late Medieval.

Modeled ancestry proportions are indicated by sample size-scaled pie charts, with ancestry source populations shown below. Cultural groups are indicated by bold text. For panels (D–F), individuals are Late Xiongnu, Türkic, and Mongol, respectively, unless otherwise noted. Previously published reference populations are noted with white text; all others are from this study. Populations beyond the map borders are indicated by arrows. Burial locations have been jittered to improve visibility of overlapping individuals. Zoom in to see individual labels. Here we report results from admixture models that include all ancestry components required to explain historic late Medieval individuals as a group for unbiased cross comparison between individuals. Individual results with simpler admixture models can be found in Table S5J. See modeling details in Section 7.