Table 2.
Socio-demographic profile of the sample population, socio-demographic patterns in the uptake of antenatal care (ANC) services, Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2008–2018.
| Variables | N (52,654) | % | Contact after 1st Trimester (n = 26,407) 74.8% (95% CI = 74.4, 75.3) |
p-Value | Less than 4 Attendances (n = 24,576) 46.7% (95% CI = 46.2, 47.1) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||||
| 2008 | 14,475 | 27.5 | 74.0 (73.1–74.9) | 50.5 (49.7–51.3) | ||
| 2013 | 18,214 | 34.6 | 73.5 (72.7–74.3) | 0.001 | 48.2 (47.4–48.9) | 0.001 |
| 2018 | 19,964 | 37.9 | 76.3 (75.6–76.9) | 42.5 (41.8–43.2) | ||
| Age groups | ||||||
| 15–19 | 3060 | 5.8 | 4.6 (4.4–4.9) | 07.7 (07.4–08.0) | ||
| 20–24 | 9936 | 18.9 | 17.8 (17.3–18.3) | 0.009 | 20.6 (20.1–21.2) | 0.001 |
| 25–29 | 13,913 | 26.4 | 27.0 (26.5–27.6) | 25.6 (25.0–26.1) | ||
| 30–34 | 11,285 | 21.4 | 22.3 (21.8–22.8) | 18.7 (18.2–19.2) | ||
| 35–39 | 8423 | 16.0 | 16.8 (16.3–17.2) | 14.9 (14.4–15.3) | ||
| 40–44 | 4257 | 8.1 | 8.3 (8.0–8.6) | 08.4 (08.0–8.7) | ||
| 45–49 | 1781 | 3.4 | 3.2 (3.0–3.4) | 04.1 (03.9–04.4) | ||
| Religion | ||||||
| Christian | 19,522 | 37.1 | 46.0 (45.4–46.6) | 22.9 (22.4–23.4) | ||
| Islam | 32,600 | 61.9 | 53.1 (52.5–53.7) | 0.001 | 75.4 (74.9–75.9) | 0.001 |
| Others | 532 | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 01.7 (01.5–01.9) | ||
| Type of place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 18,350 | 34.8 | 41.8 (41.2–42.4) | 15.7 (15.2–16.1) | ||
| Rural | 34,304 | 65.2 | 58.2 (57.6–58.8) | 0.992 | 84.3 (83.9–84.8) | 0.001 |
| Region | ||||||
| North Central | 7484 | 14.2 | 16.7 (16.3–17.2) | 15.0 (14.6–15.5) | ||
| North East | 9237 | 17.5 | 20.7 (20.2–21.2) | 0.001 | 27.4 (26.8 –27.9) | 0.001 |
| North West | 18,786 | 35.7 | 23.7 (23.2–24.2) | 44.6 (43.9–45.2) | ||
| South East | 4330 | 8.2 | 11.1 (10.8–11.5) | 02.9 (02.7–03.1) | ||
| South South | 4778 | 9.1 | 11.1 (10.7–11.5) | 07.4 (07.1–07.7) | ||
| South West | 8040 | 15.3 | 16.7 (16.2–17.1) | 02.8 (02.6–03.0) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| None | 25,328 | 48.1 | 34.7 (34.2–35.3) | 71.8 (71.3–72.4) | ||
| Primary | 9576 | 18.2 | 22.4 (21.9–23.0) | 0.001 | 15.3 (14.9–15.8) | 0.001 |
| Secondary | 14,053 | 26.7 | 34.2 (33.6–34.8) | 11.8 (11.4–12.2) | ||
| Post-secondary | 3697 | 7.0 | 8.6 (8.3–9.0) | 01.0 (00.9–01.2) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poorest | 12,475 | 23.7 | 14.8 (14.4–15.2) | 40.5 (39.9–41.1) | ||
| Poorer | 11,860 | 22.5 | 19.7 (19.3–20.2) | 0.001 | 30.0 (29.5–30.6) | 0.001 |
| Middle | 9965 | 18.9 | 22.4 (21.9–22.9) | 16.9 (16.4–17.4) | ||
| Richer | 9305 | 17.7 | 23.3 (22.8–23.8) | 09.3 (09.0–09.7) | ||
| Richest | 9048 | 17.2 | 19.8 (19.3–20.3) | 03.2 (03.0–03.5) | ||
| Employment Status | ||||||
| Not working | 16,941 | 32.2 | 28.4 (27.8–28.9) | 40.6 (39.9–41.2) | ||
| Working | 35,713 | 67.8 | 71.6 (71.1–72.2) | 0.001 | 59.4 (58.8–60.1) | 0.001 |
| Husbands education | ||||||
| None | 20,350 | 38.6 | 25.3 (24.8–25.8) | 60.5 (59.9–61.1) | ||
| Primary | 9229 | 17.5 | 20.0 (19.6–20.5) | 0.001 | 15.8 (15.3–16.2) | 0.001 |
| Secondary | 16,118 | 30.6 | 37.5 (36.9–38.0) | 18.5 (18.0–19.0 | ||
| Higher | 6957 | 13.2 | 17.2 (16.8–17.7) | 05.2 (05.0–05.5) | ||
| Marriage type | ||||||
| Monogamy | 35,985 | 68.3 | 71.8 (71.3–72.4) | 60.0 (59.4–60.6) | ||
| Polygyny | 16,669 | 31.7 | 28.2 (27.6–28.7) | 0.001 | 40.0 (39.4–40.6) | 0.001 |
| Sex of household head | ||||||
| Male | 48,679 | 92.5 | 90.7 (90.3–91.3) | 94.6 (94.3–94.9) | ||
| Female | 3975 | 7.5 | 9.3 (8.6–9.7) | 0.062 | 05.4 (05.1–05.7) | 0.001 |
| Total children ever born | ||||||
| 1–2 | 17,371 | 33.0 | 32.8 (32.2–33.4) | 28.2 (27.6–28.7) | ||
| 3–4 | 15,124 | 28.7 | 29.8 (29.3–30.4) | 0.001 | 26.7 (26.2–27.3) | 0.001 |
| >4 | 20,159 | 38.3 | 37.4 (36.8–38.0) | 45.1 (44.5–45.7) | ||
| Household Size | ||||||
| Less than 5 | 22,952 | 43.6 | 44.1 (43.5–44.7) | 36.3 (35.7–36.9) | ||
| 5+ | 29,702 | 56.4 | 55.9 (55.3–56.5) | 0.062 | 63.7 (63.1–64.3) | 0.001 |
| Health Decision Making | ||||||
| Not participate | 32,115 | 61.0 | 54.5 (53.9–55.1) | 74.3 (73.8–74.8) | ||
| Participate | 20,539 | 39.0 | 45.5 (44.9–46.1) | 0.001 | 25.7 (25.2–26.2) | 0.001 |
| Distance to health service | ||||||
| Big problem | 17,113 | 32.5 | 26.0 (25.4–26.5) | 45.3 (44.7–46.0) | ||
| Not a big problem | 35,541 | 67.5 | 74.0 (73.5–74.6) | 0.027 | 54.7 (54.0–55.3) | 0.001 |
| Use of contraceptive | ||||||
| Not Using | 46,824 | 88.9 | 86.2 (85.8–86.7) | 95.6 (95.3–95.8) | ||
| Using | 5830 | 11.1 | 13.8 (13.3–14.2) | 0.001 | 04.4 (04.2–04.7) | 0.001 |
| Has health insurance | ||||||
| No | 51,716 | 98.2 | 97.6 (97.4–97.8) | 99.5 (99.4–99.6) | ||
| Yes | 938 | 1.8 | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) | 0.001 | 00.5 (00.4–00.6) | 0.001 |
| Exposure to Media | ||||||
| No | 34,254 | 65.0 | 59.4 (58.8–60.0) | 0.001 | 81.6 (81.1–82.0) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 18,400 | 35.0 | 40.6 (40.0–41.2) | 18.4 (18.0–18.9) |