Figure 1.

Proliferation effect of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), and malto-oligosaccharide (MOS) on Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15,700 (A), Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15,707 (B), and Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 3357 (C). The strains were cultured by adding 1% of GOS, FOS, or MOS to the modified peptone yeast extract fructose (PYF) medium without a carbon source. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, and different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 between groups at the same fermentation time.