Table 1.
Main anthropometric data and measurements of glucose level for patients in study groups.
| Group ID | iGDM★ | dGDM ∇ | Control | Obesity¶ | T1DM | T2DM | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups description | G01 | G02 | G03 | G04 | G05 | G06 | G07 | G08 | G09 | G10 | |
| Ultrasound examination† | NC | DF | NC | DF | NC | NC | DF | NC | DF | NC | |
| Groups size | 30 | 25 | 26 | 29 | 30 | 22 | 24 | 18 | 32 | 28 | 0.439 |
| BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2‡ | 25.14 ± 4.17 p = 0.028 | 25.39 ± 4.97 p = 0.033 | 24.28 ± 5.13 p = 0.017 | 25.71 ± 4.87 p = 0.041 | 22.68 ± 3.25 | 34.79 ± 3.12 p = 0.008 | 28.12 ± 4.72 p = 0.029 | 27.33 ± 5.06 p = 0.029 | 28.39 ± 6.11 p = 0.021 | 29.12 ± 5.43 p = 0.013 | 0.787 |
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 25.2 ± 6.2 | 26.7 ± 5.5 | 25.8 ± 4.9 | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 26.6 ± 5.2 | 28.1 ± 4.7 | 27.7 ± 5.7 | 26.6 ± 6.1 | 27.7 ± 5.9 | 25.2 ± 5.1 | 0.916 |
| OGTT (75 g), mmol/L | |||||||||||
| Fasting level (at 8 a.m.) | 6.1 ± 0.9 p = 0.009 | 6.4 ± 0.7 p = 0.004 | 6.2 ± 0.5 p = 0.003 | 6.1 ± 0.7 p = 0.008 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 1.2 p = 0.078 | 8.4 ± 0.9 p = 0.008 | 8.7 ± 1.1 p < 0.001 | 9.2 ± 0.6 p < 0.001 | 8.8 ± 0.8 p = 0.007 | 0.619 |
| 1 h | 9.9 ± 1.8 | 10.1 ± 1.7 | 10.3 ± 1.4 | 10.5 ± 1.1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.988 |
| 2 h | 8.9 ± 0.7 | 8.7 ± 0.9 | 9.2 ± 0.6 | 9.4 ± 0.7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.731 |
| HbA1c, mean ± SD, % | |||||||||||
| I trimester | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 0.541 |
| II trimester | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 1.4 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 8.8 ± 0.7 | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 0.491 |
| III trimester | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 6.7 ± 0.6 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.8 | 0.762 |
| Maternal weight gain, kg | 9.7 ± 5 | 11.4 ± 6 | 10.8 ± 3 | 12.5 ± 5 | 10.1 ± 3 | 12.3 ± 3 | 11.8 ± 5 | 10.4 ± 4 | 13.1 ± 3 | 9.8 ± 5 | 0.681 |
| Fetal weight, mean ± SD, g | 3178 ± 230 | 4201 ± 206 | 3212 ± 109 | 3950 ± 330 | 3207 ± 112 | 3169 ± 250 | 4127 ± 287 | 3160 ± 230 | 4297 ± 231 | 3156 ± 179 | 0.322 |
The groups were aligned at BMI value which was measured between 16 and 19 weeks of gestational age; obesity was qualified if BMI exceeded 31 kg/m2. The control group (G05) was represented by patients with uncomplicated pregnancy course and did not exceeded fasting glucose level of 5.8 mmol/L and gave birth healthy newborns with no signs of diabetic fetopathy or other perinatal pathologies observed during pregnancy or postpartum. The 75 g OGTT was conducted according to the recommendations of IADPSG (revision 2010) adopted by Russian Association of Obstetrician and Gynecologist (revision 2012). Antenatal complication in form of diabetic fetopathy was diagnosed by ultrasound examination between 22 and 35 weeks of gestational age and confirmed in postpartum using Apgar-1 and Apgar-5 score test.
¶In obese group (G06) only patients with uncomplicated pregnancy and normal outcome were included for the study.
†Details for diagnostic criteria of diabetic fetopathy established in patients with GDM, T1DM and T2DM are given in Material and Methods section; NC normal course of gestation; DF diabetic fetopathy.
‡The indicated BMI was measured between 16 and 19 weeks of gestational age.
★iGDM—patients with GDM managed by insulin therapy.
∇dGDM—patients with GDM managed by dietary intervention∇.