Table 1:
Selected characteristics of study mothers and infants from the NHBCS for which both a three-day food diary and an infant spot urine sample were available at one year of age without indication of fish/seafood consumption overall, and stratified by the median of urinary ΣAs, and by apple consumption.
| Selected characteristics | No. (%) of infants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 242)1 | ||||||
| (n = 121) | (n = 121) | (n = 59) | (n = 162) | |||
| Maternal age at enrollment, years | ||||||
| <25 | 16 (7) | 11 (9) | 5 (4) | 3 (5) | 11 (7) | |
| 25 – < 30 | 68 (28) | 32 (26) | 36 (30) | 19 (32) | 41 (25) | |
| 30 – 35 | 99 (41) | 45 (37) | 54 (45) | 22 (37) | 70 (43) | |
| >35 | 59 (24) | 33 (27) | 26 (21) | 15 (25) | 40 (25) | |
| Maternal education2 | ||||||
| Less 11th grade or high school graduate or equivalent | 19 (8) | 15 (13) | 4 (3) | 5 (8) | 13 (8) | |
| Junior college or some college | 47 (20) | 24 (20) | 23 (19) | 9 (15) | 33 (21) | |
| College graduate | 92 (39) | 42 (35) | 50 (42) | 24 (41) | 61 (39) | |
| Postgraduate education | 80 (34) | 38 (32) | 42 (35) | 21 (36) | 51 (32) | |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy3 | ||||||
| Yes | 11 (5) | 6 (5) | 5 (4) | 2 (3) | 8 (5) | |
| No | 230 (95) | 114 (95) | 116 (96) | 57 (97) | 153 (95) | |
| Infant sex | ||||||
| Male | 124 (51) | 59 (49) | 65 (54) | 27 (46) | 89 (55) | |
| Female | 118 (49) | 62 (51) | 56 (46) | 32 (54) | 73 (45) | |
| Tap water arsenic, μg/L | ||||||
| <1 | 168 (69) | 90 (74) | 77 (64) | 44 (75) | 110 (68) | |
| 1–10 | 60 (25) | 24 (20) | 31 (26) | 13 (22) | 37 (23) | |
| >10 | 14 (6) | 7 (6) | 13 (11) | 2 (3) | 15 (9) | |
| Gestational age, weeks – mean (IQR) | 39.1 (1.6) | 39.0 (1.6) | 39.1 (1.6) | 39.4 (1.7) | 39.0 (1.7) | |
| Urine specific gravity4 – mean (IQR) | 1.01 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) | |
| Summed speciated urinary arsenic (Σ [iAs + MMA + DMA]), μg/L – geometric mean (sd5) | 2.59 (0.42) | 1.21 (0.22) | 5.57 (0.27) | 2.78 (0.44) | 2.52 (0.4) | |
Infants without urinary arsenic concentrations measured (n = 125) and with urinary AsB concentrations ≥ 1 μg/L (n = 30) were excluded.
The maternal level of education was missing in 4 participants.
Information regarding maternal smoking during pregnancy was missing in 1 participant.
The urine specific gravity was missing in 1 participant, and thus, the mean specific gravity value was imputed in the statistical analyses.
sd refers to the standard deviation calculated using infants’ urinary log10 ΣAs.
Infants who did not consume any type of apple product.
Infants who consumed apple products in one or more of the three specific apple categories (i.e., apple juice, apple puree, or apple as whole fruit)