Table 2.
Group differences in distribution of RRB item scores (N = 296)
| ASDws (n = 104) | ASDwos (n = 84) | No ASD (n = 108) | χ2 | Cramer’s V | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Stereotyped utterances/delayed echolalia | |||||
| 0 | 30 (37.0) | 56 (66.7) | 75 (70.1) | ||
| 1 | 20 (24.7) | 21 (25.0) | 19 (17.8) | 34.95*** | 0.25 |
| 2 | 31 (38.3) | 7 (8.3) | 13 (12.1) | ||
| Inappropriate questions/statements | |||||
| 0 | 38 (46.9) | 32 (38.1) | 65 (60.7) | ||
| 1 | 19 (23.5) | 29 (34.5) | 23 (21.5) | 11.57* | 0.15 |
| 2 | 24 (29.6) | 23 (2’.4) | 19 (17.8) | ||
| Pronominal reversal | |||||
| 0 | 44 (54.3) | 6. (73.8) | 79 (73.8) | ||
| 1 | 22 (27.2) | 19 (22.6) | 25 (23.4) | 21.05*** | 0.20 |
| 2 | 15 (18.5) | 3 (3.6) | 3 (2.8) | ||
| Neologisms/idiosyncratic language | |||||
| 0 | 70 (86.4) | 68 (81.0) | 98 (91.6) | ||
| 1 | 10 (12.4) | 13 (15.5) | 8 (7.5) | 5.36 | 0.10 |
| 2 | 1 (1.2) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (0.9) | ||
| Verbal rituals | |||||
| 0 | 73 (90.1) | 77 (91.7) | 104 (97.2) | ||
| 1 | 3 (3.7) | 6 (7.1) | 2 (1.9) | 9.37 | 0.13 |
| 2 | 5 (6.2) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.9) | ||
| Unusual preoccupations | |||||
| 0 | 43 (41.3) | 64 (76.2) | 96 (88.9) | ||
| 1 | 19 (18.3) | 11 (13.1) | 7 (6.5) | 68.35*** | 0.33 |
| 2 | 42 (40.4) | 9 (10.7) | 5 (4.6) | ||
| Circumscribed interests | |||||
| 0 | 24 (23.1) | 11 (13.1) | 49 (45.4) | ||
| 1 | 35 (33.6) | 26 (31.0) | 29 (26.8) | 29.01*** | 0.22 |
| 2 | 45 (43.3) | 47 (55.9) | 30 (27.8) | ||
| Repetitive use of objects or interest in parts of objects | |||||
| 0 | 30 (28.9) | 44 (52.4) | 82 (76.0) | ||
| 1 | 12 (11.5) | 16 (19.0) | 17 (15.7) | 67.91*** | 0.34 |
| 2 | 62 (59.6) | 24 (28.6) | 9 (8.3) | ||
| Compulsions/rituals | |||||
| 0 | 59 (56.7) | 52 (61.9) | 96 (88.9) | ||
| 1 | 14 (13.5) | 18 (21.4) | 7 (6.5) | 36.82*** | 0.25 |
| 2 | 31 (29.8) | 14 (16.7) | 5 (4.6) | ||
| Unusual sensory interests | |||||
| 0 | 26 (25.0) | 34 (40.5) | 54 (50.0) | ||
| 1 | 37 (35.6) | 44 (52.4) | 50 (46.3) | 58.00** | 0.31 |
| 2 | 41 (39.4) | 6 (7.1) | 4 (3.7) | ||
| Undue general sensitivity to noise | |||||
| 0 | 61 (58.7) | 61 (72.6) | 92 (85.2) | ||
| 1 | 8 (7.7) | 9 (10.7) | 7 (6.5) | 24.09*** | 0.20 |
| 2 | 35 (33.6) | 14 (16.7) | 9 (8.3) | ||
| Abnormal response to sensory stimuli | |||||
| 0 | 61 (58.7) | 56 (66.7) | 85 (78.7) | ||
| 1 | 17 (16.3) | 10 (11.9) | 16 (14.8) | 15.55** | 0.16 |
| 2 | 26 (25.0) | 18 (21.4) | 7 (6.5) | ||
| Difficulties with minor changes | |||||
| 0 | 55 (52.9) | 50 (59.5) | 91 (84.2) | ||
| 1 | 18 (17.3) | 22 (26.2) | 14 (13.0) | 38.31*** | 0.25 |
| 2 | 31 (29.8) | 12 (14.3) | 3 (2.8) | ||
| Resistance to trivial changes | |||||
| 0 | 87 (83.6) | 75 (89.3) | 106 (98.1) | ||
| 1 | 9 (8.7) | 7 (8.3) | 2 (1.9) | 15.88** | 0.16 |
| 2 | 8 (7.7) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Hand and finger mannerisms | |||||
| 0 | 76 (73.1) | 77 (91.7) | 102 (94.4) | ||
| 1 | 4 (3.8) | 5 (5.9) | 4 (3.7) | 35.32*** | 0.24 |
| 2 | 24 (23.1) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (1.9) | ||
| Other complex mannerisms | |||||
| 0 | 63 (60.6) | 75 (89.3) | 107 (99.1) | ||
| 1 | 17 (16.3) | 7 (8.3) | 1 (0.9) | 62.60*** | 0.33 |
| 2 | 24 (23.1) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Note. Only 272 verbal children were included in the analyses for stereotyped utterances, inappropriate questions/statements, pronominal reversal, neologisms/idiosyncratic language, and verbal rituals.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001.