Table 1.

Summary of measurement guidelines for each monitoring goal identified.

Monitoring Goal	Contact-Based Methods	Contactless Methods	Information Detail	Type of Recording	Main Measurement/Computing Challenge	Need for VT *
1. Presence of breathing	XXX	XX	b-by-b	P/C	respiratory signal quality	-
2. Adverse cardiac events	XXX	X	60 s	C	wearable and unobtrusive systems	-
3. Apnea	XXX	X	raw data	C	hypopnea detection	●●●
4. Pneumonia	XXX	XX	60 s	P/C	solutions for low-income countries	-
5. Clinical deterioration	XXX	XX	60 s	P/C	acceptance of technologies	-
6. Dyspnea	XXX	X	b-by-b	C	motion artifacts	●●
7. Pain	XXX	X	b-by-b/60s	C	detection of respiratory depression	●●
8. Emotional stress	XXX	XX	b-by-b	P/C	processing of video images	●
9. Cognitive load	XXX	XX	b-by-b/60 s	C	accurate and unobtrusive systems	-
10. Environment-induced stress	XXX	X	60 s	C	change of sensor properties	●
11. Physical effort	XXX	X	b-by-b/5 s	C	motion artifacts	-
12. Respiratory artifacts	XX	XXX	raw data	P	respiratory features in real-time	●●●
13. Respiratory biofeedback	XXX	XX	raw data	P	respiratory features in real-time	●●

X, can be used in some instances; XX, suitable; XXX, advised solution; b-by-b, breath-by-breath; P, periodic monitoring; C, continuous monitoring; V_T, tidal volume; *, or respiratory amplitude as a surrogate for tidal volume; -, not necessarily needed; ●, useful; ●●, very useful; ●●●, required.