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. 2020 Nov 12;10:19686. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76698-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Short-term EMPA treatment leads to a changed glucose metabolism (a) Fasting glucose and (b) oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) after a 4 h fast with 1 g glucose/ kg body weight (n = 8–10). (c) AUC of oral glucose tolerance test. (d) Fasting insulin and (e) intraperitoneal (i.p.) insulin tolerance test (ipITT) after a 4 h fast with 1U insulin/kg body weight (n = 8–9). (f) AUC of intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test. (g) Fasting beta hydroxy butyrate (BHB) levels (n = 9–10). Data are expressed as means ± SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s. = not significant. WD, Western type diet only; EMPA, Western type diet enriched with empagliflozin.