Table 1.

Head-to-Head Comparison Between GLP-1RAs Compounds on Different Outcomes, Evaluated in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and Real-World Studies (RWS)

Outcomes	RCTs	RWS	Possible Reason Explaining Differences
Hba1c	Lira 1.8 mg and Sema 1.0 mg > ExeOW27,28	Lira = ExeOW38,82	- Up-titration in RWS is lower than RCTs37,38 - Overall Adherence in RWS is lower than RCTs37,38,46 - Adherence specifically influenced by compound/devices (eg, dulaglutide>exeOW)40–46 - Different clinical characteristics between patients enrolled in RCTs vs those treated with GLP-1RAs in RWS (see Table 2)
	Dula 1.5 mg = Lira 1.8 mg29	Dula > Lira37
	Dula = ExeOW (from NWMA)33,34	Dula > ExeOW35,37
	Sema (0.5 or 1.0 mg) > Dula 1.5 mg29	No RWS
Body Weight	Lira 1.8 mg and Sema 1.0 mg > ExeOW27,28	Lira = ExeOW38
	Dula 1.5 mg < Lira 1.8 mg29	Dula = Lira37
	Dula = ExeOW (from NWMA)33,34	Dula > ExeOW35,37
	Sema (0.5 or 1.0 mg) > Dula 1.5 mg29	No RWS

Note: The symbol “>” or “<” are used to describe significant higher or lower efficacy (RCTs) or effectiveness (RWS) between compounds.

Abbreviations: Legend Lira, liraglutide; Sema, semaglutide; ExeOW, exenatide-once-weekly; ExeBID, exenatide-bis-in-die; NWMA, network meta-analyses.