Table 3.
Means and Standard Deviations at T1 (Prior to the Intervention), T2 (One-Month Follow-Up), and T3 (Four-Month Follow-Up)
| T1 | T2 | T3 | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISI | 11.88 (6.50)a | 10.82 (6.82)b | 8.48 (5.27)ab | 11.500*** |
| Total PSQI score | 7.89 (4.23)a | 7.44 (4.40) | 6.59 (3.75)a | 5.527** |
| PSQI components | ||||
| Subjective sleep quality | 1.57 (0.89)a | 1.38 (0.85) | 1.13 (0.64)a | 8.186*** |
| Sleep latency | 1.29 (1.18)a | 1.37 (1.08)b | 0.97 (0.79)ab | 6.340** |
| Sleep duration | 1.07 (1.00) | 0.90 (0.96) | 0.83 (0.82) | 2.401 |
| Sleep efficiency | 1.26 (1.08)a | 1.05 (1.11) | 0.89 (1.03)a | 3.506* |
| Sleep disturbances | 1.43 (0.50) | 1.43 (0.50) | 1.40 (0.54) | 0.070 |
| Use of sleeping medication | 1.09 (1.34) | 1.07 (1.28) | 1.07 (1.32) | 0.049 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 0.93 (0.83) | 0.88 (0.82) | 0.79 (0.74) | 0.732 |
| GAI | 5.84 (6.03)a | 5.34 (5.91)b | 3.89 (4.79)ab | 4.978** |
| GDS | 5.15 (4.31) | 5.44 (5.14) | 5.18 (5.54) | 0.217 |
| WHOQOL-BREF domains | ||||
| Physical health | 15.13 (2.61) | 15.59 (2.33) | 15.81 (2.48) | 3.217 |
| Psychological health | 15.38 (2.21) | 15.60 (2.40) | 15.66 (2.26) | 1.101 |
| Social relationships | 14.98 (3.22) | 15.22 (2.78) | 15.30 (2.40) | 0.433 |
| Environment | 16.31 (1.93) | 16.42 (1.77) | 16.30 (1.85) | 0.187 |
| Perception of QOL | 4.30 (0.77) | 4.40 (0.69) | 4.39 (0.69) | 0.332 |
| Health satisfaction | 3.77 (0.96) | 3.91 (0.94) | 3.94 (1.00) | 1.179 |
| SWLS | 28.37 (4.89) | 28.23 (5.47) | 28.51 (4.67) | 0.099 |
| GPM | 22.29 (21.86) | 23.34 (20.97) | 21.62 (19.72) | 0.576 |
Note: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; Superscript letters denote significant differences between groups by Bonferroni post hoc analyses.
Abbreviations: ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; GAI, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale; GPM, Geriatric Pain Measure.