Table 5.
Mixed model analyses in complete cases showing the effect of COVID-19 on different EORTCa subdomains of quality of life per follow-up period.
| Group | No active treatment |
Active treatment (n = 47) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <24 months follow-up (n = 441) |
24-60 months follow-up (n = 430) |
>60 months follow-up (n = 104) |
||||||
| Meanb (95% CI) | Mean difference between groups | Meanb (95% CI) | Mean difference between groups | Meanb (95% CI) | Mean difference between groups | Meanb (95% CI) | Mean difference between groups | |
| Quality of life | ||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | 73.3 (71.6 to 75.0) | Referent | 79.2 (77.6 to 80.8) | Referent | 79.6 (76.2 to 82.9) | Referent | 69.9 (63.6 to 76.1) | Referent |
| During COVID-19 | 78.6 (77.1 to 80.1) | 5.3c | 79.8 (78.3 to 81.4) | 0.6 | 80.0 (76.7 to 83.2) | 0.4 | 70.0 (64.3 to 75.7) | 0.2d |
| Physical functioning | ||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | 86.9 (85.5 to 88.3) | Referent | 88.0 (86.7 to 89.3) | Referent | 85.0 (81.6 to 88.4) | Referent | 84.0 (78.4 to 89.5) | Referent |
| During COVID-19 | 89.4 (88.2 to 90.6) | 2.5c | 88.8 (87.6 to 90.0) | 0.8c | 88.0 (84.6 to 91.4) | 3.0c | 79.9 (74.0 to 85.7) | −4.1 |
| Role Functioning | ||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | 73.4 (70.8 to 75.9) | Referent | 83.4 (81.3 to 85.5) | Referent | 84.1 (79.5 to 88.8) | Referent | 66.0 (55.8 to 76.2) | Referent |
| During COVID-19 | 81.3 (79.2 to 83.4) | 7.9c | 84.3 (82.2 to 86.3) | 0.9 | 83.7 (79.0 to 88.4) | −0.5d | 61.0 (52.1 to 69.8) | −5.0 |
| Emotional functioning | ||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | 80.2 (78.3 to 82.0) | Referent | 84.6 (83.0 to 86.1) | Referent | 86.4 (82.8 to 90.0) | Referent | 78.0 (71.9 to 84.2) | Referent |
| During COVID-19 | 77.0 (75.4 to 78.7) | −3.1c,d | 78.1(76.6 to 79.7) | −6.4c,d | 82.2 (79.1 to 85.3) | −4.2c | 75.2 (70.4 to 80.0) | −2.8 |
| Social Functioning | ||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | 83.6 (81.5 to 85.7) | Referent | 90.4 (88.8 to 92.0) | Referent | 90.1 (86.2 to 94.0) | Referent | 77.3 (69.4 to 85.2) | Referent |
| During COVID-19 | 87.1 (85.3 to 89.0) | 3.5c | 91.9 (90.4 to 93.5) | 1.6d | 92.0 (88.2 to 95.8) | 1.9 | 61.3 (52.6 to 70.1) | −16.0c |
| Insomnia | ||||||||
| Pre-COVID-19 | 28.8 (26.1 to 31.5) | Referent | 26.6 (24.0 to 29.2) | Referent | 21.2 (15.9 to 26.4) | Referent | 32.6 (24.2 to 41.0) | Referent |
| During COVID-19 | 28.0 (25.5 to 30.5) | −0.8 | 26.6 (24.1 to 29.0) | <0.01 | 23.4 (19.0 to 27.8) | 2.2 | 31.9 (23.6 to 40.2) | −0.7 |
EORTC QLQ C30 scores range from 0 to 100. For quality of life and functioning scales, a higher score indicates a better outcome. For insomnia, a lower score indicates a better outcome. CI = confidence interval; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; EORTC QLQ-C30 = European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer core Quality of Life Questionnaire; MD = mean difference (difference in mean scores between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19).
Mean scores were adjusted for age (linear). In addition, active treatment scores were adjusted for type of radiotherapy and type of surgery.
Statistically significant difference with a P value less than .05.
Mean difference differs from difference between mean scores because of rounding.