Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Health Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients With Schizophrenia and Without a Diagnosis of Severe Mental Illness (n = 50 750)
| Total | SCZ Patients | Controls | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 50 750 | n = 823 | n = 49 927 | ||
| Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P value |
| Sociodemographic data | ||||
| Age | <.0001 | |||
| <55 years | 10 538 (20.8) | 130 (15.8) | 10 408 (20.9) | |
| 55–65 years | 8582 (16.9) | 134 (16.3) | 8448 (16.9) | |
| 65–80 years | 15 517 (30.6) | 340 (41.3) | 15 177 (30.4) | |
| ≥80 years | 16 113 (31.7) | 219 (26.6) | 15 894 (31.8) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 28 818 (56.8) | 402 (48.8) | 28 416 (56.9) | .0005 |
| Female | 21 932 (43.2) | 421 (51.2) | 21 511 (43.1) | |
| Social deprivation index | ||||
| More favored | 24 681 (48.6) | 442 (53.7) | 24 239 (48.6) | .1340 |
| More deprived | 24 126 (47.6) | 351 (42.7) | 23 775 (47.6) | |
| Missing | 1943 (3.8) | 30 (3.6) | 1913 (3.8) | |
| Clinical data at baseline | ||||
| Smoker | 2175 (4.3) | 83 (10.1) | 2092 (4.2) | <.0001 |
| Weighta | ||||
| Overweight and obesity | 7201 (14.2) | 138 (16.8) | 7063 (14.2) | .0576 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | .0006 | |||
| 0 | 20 865 (41.1) | 287 (34.9) | 20 578 (41.2) | |
| 1–2 | 17 520 (34.5) | 343 (41.7) | 17 177 (34.4) | |
| ≥3 | 12 365 (24.4) | 193 (23.4) | 12 172 (24.3) | |
| Renal disease | 6125 (12.1) | 102 (12.4) | 6023 (14.1) | .7687 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2879 (5.7) | 41 (5.0) | 2838 (5.7) | .4534 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 2111 (4.2) | 40 (4.9) | 2151 (4.2) | .3558 |
| Cancer | 4482 (8.8) | 51 (6.2) | 4431 (8.9) | .0189 |
| HIV or AIDS | 304 (0.6) | 5 (0.6) | 299 (0.6) | .8935 |
| Diabetes with complications | 3112 (6.1) | 54 (6.6) | 3058 (6.1) | .6975 |
| Diabetes without complications | 10 999 (21.7) | 154 (18.7) | 10 845 (21.7) | .0584 |
| Dementia | 4983 (9.8) | 207 (25.2) | 4776 (9.6) | <.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3191 (6.3) | 63 (7.7) | 3128 (6.3) | .1324 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6425 (12.7) | 122 (14.8) | 6303 (12.6) | .0729 |
| Congestive heart failure | 8178 (16.1) | 110 (13.4) | 8068 (16.2) | .0646 |
| Myocardial infarct | 3740 (7.4) | 38 (4.6) | 3702 (7.4) | .0129 |
| Stay data | ||||
| Origin of the patient | ||||
| From home | 45 769 (90.2) | 666 (80.9) | 45 103 (90.3) | <.0001 |
| Other (hospital–institution) | 4981 (9.8) | 157 (19.1) | 4824 (9.7) | |
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR)—number of days | 9 (5–16) | 11 (6–20) | 9 (5–16) | <.0001 |
| Length of ICU stay, median (IQR)—number of days | 9 (4–18) | 10 (4–18) | 9 (4–18) | .6695 |
| Management data | ||||
| SAPS II score at ICU admission, median (IQR) | 32.0 (22.0–45.0) | 31.0 (21.0–46.0) | 32.0 (22.0–45.0) | .3799 |
| Recourse to invasive mechanical ventilation | 6791 (13.4) | 88 (10.7) | 6703 (13.4) | .0443 |
| Recourse to continuous renal-replacement therapy | 1787 (3.5) | 17 (2.1) | 1770 (3.6) | .0387 |
| Hospital data | ||||
| Hospital category | .0001 | |||
| Public | 29 837 (58.8) | 448 (54.4) | 29 389 (58.9) | |
| University | 16 860 (33.2) | 336 (40.8) | 16 524 (33.1) | |
| Private | 4053 (8.0) | 39 (4.8) | 4014 (8.0) | |
| Geographical exposureb | .0251 | |||
| Ile-de-France | 18 770 (37.0) | 355 (43.1) | 18 415 (36.9) | |
| Northeast | 16 314 (32.2) | 225 (27.3) | 16 089 (32.2) | |
| Southeast | 8381 (16.5) | 134 (16.3) | 8247 (16.5) | |
| West | 7285 (14.4) | 109 (13.2) | 7176 (14.4) | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| In-hospital mortality | 11 065 (21.8) | 211 (25.6) | 10 854 (21.7) | .0188 |
| ICU admission | 14 351 (28.2) | 195 (23.7) | 14 156 (28.4) | .0113 |
Note: Comorbidities were based on the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases from the Programme de Medicalisation des Systèmes d’Information (PMSI)—French medico-administrative database based on diagnosis-related groups. P value in bold denotes statistical significance. N, effective; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SAPS II score, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SCZ, schizophrenia.
aIf the body mass index (BMI) is 18.5 to <25: normal weight; if the BMI is 25.0 to <30: overweight; and if the BMI is 30.0 or higher: obesity.
bGeographical exposure: 4 areas were identified with different pandemic exposure from the lowest to the highest: west, southeast, northeast, and Ile-de-France.