Table 3.
Baseline Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients With Schizophrenia and Without a Diagnosis of Severe Mental Illness by Age Classes (n = 50 750)
| Age Classes | <55 years | 55–65 years | 65–80 years | ≥80 years | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCZ | Controls | SCZ | Controls | SCZ | Controls | SCZ | Controls | |||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Characteristics | n = 130 | n = 10 408 | P value | n = 134 | n = 8448 | P value | n = 340 | n = 15 177 | P value | n = 219 | n = 15 894 | P value |
| Sociodemographic data | ||||||||||||
| Sex | .1766 | .0327 | .0002 | .0041 | ||||||||
| Male | 82 (63.1) | 5910 (56.8) | 73 (54.5) | 5458 (64.6) | 168 (49.4) | 9701 (63.9) | 75 (34.3) | 7347 (46.2) | ||||
| Female | 48 (36.9) | 4498 (43.2) | 61 (45.5) | 2990 (35.4) | 172 (50.6) | 5476 (36.1) | 144 (65.7) | 8547 (53.8) | ||||
| Social deprivation index | .8309 | .2608 | .2553 | .3974 | ||||||||
| More favored | 66 (50.8) | 5222 (50.2) | 74 (55.2) | 4123 (48.8) | 177 (52.0) | 7047 (46.4) | 125 (57.1) | 7847 (49.4) | ||||
| More deprived | 60 (46.2) | 4754 (45.7) | 61 (45.6) | 3968 (47.0) | 146 (43.0) | 7550 (50.0) | 88 (40.2) | 7503 (47.2) | ||||
| Missing | 4 (3.0) | 432 (4.1) | 3 (2.2) | 357 (4.2) | 17 (5.0) | 580 (3.6) | 6 (2.7) | 544 (3.4) | ||||
| Clinical data at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Smoker | 27 (20.8) | 376 (3.6) | <.0001 | 20 (14.9) | 496 (5.9) | .0013 | 6 (1.8) | 640 (4.2) | .0231 | 5 (2.3) | 325 (2.0) | .7926 |
| Weighta | .0018 | .7467 | .6550 | .0896 | ||||||||
| Overweight and obesity | 47 (36.2) | 2228 (21.4) | 25 (18.7) | 1673 (19.8) | 48 (14.1) | 2290 (15.1) | 18 (8.2) | 872 (5.5) | ||||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | .0043 | .0849 | .0465 | .2040 | ||||||||
| 0 | 69 (53.1) | 7071 (67.9) | 56 (41.8) | 4269 (50.5) | 119 (35.0) | 5265 (34.7) | 43 (19.6) | 3973 (25.0) | ||||
| 1–2 | 49 (37.7) | 2507 (24.1) | 55 (41.0) | 2686 (31.8) | 142 (41.8) | 5512 (36.3) | 97(44.3) | 6472 (40.7) | ||||
| ≥3 | 12 (9.2) | 830 (8.0) | 23 (17.2) | 1493 (17.7) | 79 (23.2) | 4400 (29.0) | 79 (36.1) | 5449 (34.3) | ||||
| Renal disease | 4 (3.1) | 374 (3.6) | .7586 | 11 (8.2) | 553 (6.6) | .4569 | 33 (9.7) | 1897 (12.5) | .1265 | 54 (24.7) | 3199 (20.1) | .1202 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (0.8) | 100 (1.0) | .8285 | 3 (2.2) | 299 (3.5) | .4389 | 22 (6.5) | 1139 (7.5) | .5214 | 15 (6.9) | 1300 (8.2) | .5201 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 5 (3.9) | 262 (2.5) | .3623 | 10 (7.5) | 352 (4.2) | .0907 | 16 (4.7) | 811 (5.3) | .6597 | 9 (4.1) | 686 (4.3) | .8862 |
| Cancer | 5 (3.9) | 305 (2.9) | .5542 | 8 (6.0) | 658 (7.8) | .4516 | 23 (6.8) | 681 (4.5) | .0098 | 15 (6.9) | 1623 (10.2) | .1110 |
| HIV or AIDS | 1 (0.8) | 126 (1.2) | .6617 | 2 (1.5) | 111 (1.3) | .8606 | 2 (0.6) | 58 (0.4) | .6986 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | |
| Diabetes with complications | 4 (3.1) | 201 (1.9) | .3680 | 10 (7.5) | 449 (5.3) | .2970 | 27 (7.9) | 1338 (8.8) | .4361 | 13 (5.9) | 1070 (6.7) | .6127 |
| Diabetes without complications | 19 (14.6) | 1267 (12.2) | .4156 | 20 (14.9) | 1898 (22.5) | .0620 | 78 (22.9) | 4285 (28.2) | .0476 | 37 (16.9) | 3395 (21.4) | .1530 |
| Dementia | 3 (2.3) | 16 (0.2) | .0051 | 7 (5.2) | 77 (0.9) | .0017 | 78 (22.9) | 829 (5.5) | <.0001 | 119 (54.3) | 3854 (24.3) | <.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (1.5) | 150 (1.4) | .9283 | 5 (3.7) | 343 (4.1) | .8514 | 34 (10.0) | 1024 (6.8) | .0403 | 22 (10.1) | 1611 (10.1) | .9169 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 27 (20.8) | 933 (9.0) | .0008 | 24 (17.9) | 931 (11.0) | .0288 | 53 (15.6) | 2382 (15.7) | .9839 | 18 (8.2) | 2057 (12.9) | .0628 |
| Congestive heart failure | 8 (6.2) | 281 (2.7) | .0400 | 11 (8.2) | 636 (7.5) | .7724 | 43 (12.7) | 2462 (16.22) | .1155 | 48 (21.9) | 4689 (29.50) | .0350 |
| Myocardial infarct | 5 (3.9) | 130 (1.3) | .0304 | 4 (3.0) | 425 (5.0) | .3079 | 11 (3.2) | 1410 (9.3) | .0036 | 18 (8.2) | 1737 (10.9) | .2605 |
| Stay data | ||||||||||||
| Origin of the patient | .0260 | .0062 | .0002 | .0002 | ||||||||
| From home | 117 (90.0) | 9894 (95.1) | 115 (85.8) | 7890 (93.4) | 277 (81.5) | 13 746 (90.6) | 157 (71.7) | 13 573 (85.4) | ||||
| Other (hospital-institution) | 13 (10.0) | 514 (4.9) | 19 (14.2) | 558 (6.6) | 63 (18.5) | 1431 (9.4) | 62 (28.3) | 2321 (14.6) | ||||
| Length of hospital stay, median (IQR)—number of days | 10.0 (5.0– 16.0) | 6.0 (3.0– 11.0) | .0006 | 12.0 (7.0– 15.0) | 9.0 (5.0– 16.0) | <.0001 | 10.5 (6.0– 19.0) | 11.0 (6.0– 18.0) | .0611 | 11.0 (5.0– 20.0) | 10.0 (5.0– 17.0) | .0021 |
| Length of ICU stay, median (IQR)—number of days | 7.0 (4.0– 17.0) | 7.0 (3.0– 16.0) | .7034 | 14.0 (9.0– 20.0) | 9.0 (4.0– 19.0) | .1016 | 8.0 (3.0– 15.0) | 10.0 (5.0– 20.0) | 0.1302 | 12.0 (9.0– 17.0) | 6.0 (2.0–11.0) | .0004 |
| Management data | ||||||||||||
| SAPS II score at ICU admission, median (IQR) | 27.5 (19.0– 40.5) | 24.0 (15.0– 36.0) | .3940 | 34.5 (23.0– 44.5) | 31.0 (22.0– 43.0) | .9193 | 32.0 (22.0– 50.0) | 37.0 (27.0– 50.0) | .0590 | 28.0 (0.0– 51.0) | 32.0 (0.0– 42.0) | .8248 |
| Recourse to invasive mechanical ventilation | 27 (20.8) | 1416 (13.6) | .0376 | 28 (20.9) | 1801 (21.3) | .9075 | 30 (8.8) | 3122 (20.6) | .0003 | 3 (1.4) | 364 (2.3) | .4023 |
| Recourse to continuous renal-replacement therapy | 4 (3.1) | 301 (2.9) | .9024 | 5 (3.7) | 400 (4.7) | .5977 | 5 (1.5) | 836 (5.5) | .0112 | 3 (1.4) | 233 (1.5) | .8879 |
| Hospital data | ||||||||||||
| Hospital category | .2472 | .8862 | .0075 | <.0001 | ||||||||
| Public | 72 (55.3) | 5742 (55.2) | 74 (55.2) | 4773 (56.5) | 199 (58.5) | 8912 (58.7) | 103 (47.0) | 9962 (62.7) | ||||
| University | 53 (40.8) | 3850 (37.0) | 50 (37.3) | 2990 (35.4) | 128 (37.7) | 4957 (32.7) | 105 (48.0) | 4727 (29.7) | ||||
| Private | 5 (3.9) | 816 (7.8) | 10 (7.5) | 685 (8.1) | 13 (3.8) | 1308 (8.6) | 11 (5.0) | 1205 (7.6) | ||||
| Geographical exposureb | .1433 | .9355 | .1529 | .0320 | ||||||||
| Ile-de-France | 57 (43.9) | 4635 (44.5) | 52 (38.8) | 3501 (41.4) | 152 (44.7) | 5119 (33.7) | 94 (42.9) | 5160 (32.5) | ||||
| Northeast | 46 (35.4) | 2763 (26.6) | 41 (30.6) | 2501 (29.6) | 84 (24.7) | 5276 (34.8) | 54 (24.7) | 5549 (34.9) | ||||
| Southeast | 16 (12.3) | 1562 (15.0) | 22 (16.4) | 1284 (15.2) | 59 (17.4) | 2497 (16.5) | 37 (16.9) | 2904 (18.3) | ||||
| West | 11 (8.4) | 1448 (13.9) | 19 (14.2) | 1162 (13.8) | 45 (13.2) | 2285 (15.0) | 34 (15.5) | 2281 (14.3) | ||||
Note: Comorbidities were based on the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases from the Programme de Medicalisation des Systèmes d’Information (PMSI)–French medico-administrative database based on diagnosis-related groups. N, effective; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SAPS II score, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SCZ, schizophrenia. P value in bold denotes statistical significance.
aIf the body mass index is 18.5 to <25: normal weight; if the BMI is 25.0 to <30: overweight; and if the BMI is 30.0 or higher: obesity.
bGeographical exposure: 4 areas were identified with different pandemic exposure from the lowest to the highest: west, southeast, northeast, and Ile-de-France.