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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 15.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2020 Apr 28;159:232–244. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.009

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

The effects of FTY720 (fingolimod) on a hyperactive sphingomyelin-ceramide-sphingosine-S1P pathway in MS. The thick arrows indicate the hyperactive part of the pathway in multiple sclerosis (MS) [146,147]. Abbreviations used are: S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; S1PR, S1P receptor; SMS, sphingomyelin synthase; ASM, acid sphingomyelinase; NSM, neutral sphingomyelinase; CDase, ceramidase; CerS, ceramide synthases; SPP, S1P phosphatases; SK, sphingosine kinases (SK1 and SK2).