Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Patients.
| Total patients (n = 87) | Large IAD-eGFR (≥ 10%) (n = 36) | No or mild IAD-eGFR (< 10%) (n = 51) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69.8 ± 9.5 | 68.6 ± 11.5 | 70.7 ± 7.8 | 0.34 |
| Sex (male %) | 74.7 | 66.7 | 80.4 | 0.21 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 3.5 | 26.9 ± 4.1 | 27.0 ± 3.6 | 0.92 |
| Hypertension (%) | 90.8 | 91.7 | 90.2 | 1.00 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 92.0 | 94.4 | 90.2 | 0.70 |
| Current smoking (%) | 17.2 | 19.4 | 15.7 | 0.78 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 60.9 | 63.9 | 56.6 | 0.66 |
| Cerebral or cardiovascular diseases (%) | 40.2 | 38.9 | 41.2 | 1.00 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 21.7 ± 9.4 | 23.2 ± 9.2 | 20.7 ± 9.4 | 0.23 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 (6.6 - 8.0) | 7.0 (6.4 - 8.2) | 7.4 (6.8 - 7.9) | 0.44 |
| Casual plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 185 (143 - 232) | 181 (126 - 201) | 194 (150 - 238) | 0.10 |
| Anti-diabetic medicine (%) | ||||
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 19.5 | 13.9 | 23.5 | 0.29 |
| Glinide (%) | 11.5 | 16.7 | 7.8 | 0.31 |
| Metformin (%) | 32.2 | 27.8 | 35.3 | 0.49 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (%) | 21.8 | 22.2 | 21.6 | 1.00 |
| Thiazolidinedione (%) | 5.7 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 0.07 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor (%) | 43.7 | 41.7 | 45.1 | 0.83 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist (%) | 13.8 | 19.4 | 9.8 | 0.22 |
| Insulin (%) | 60.9 | 69.8 | 54.9 | 0.19 |
| Additional SGLT2i (Dapa/Empa/Cana/Ipra/Luse/Tofo) (%) | 35/16/1/6/38/4 | 33/14/0/6/44/3 | 35/18/2/6/33/6 | |
| Treatment duration of SGLT2i (months) | 37.8 ± 4.6 | 37.2 ± 4.6 | 38.2 ± 4.5 | 0.32 |
| Proteinuria (> 30 mg/dL) (%) | 44.8 | 58.3 | 35.3 | 0.049 |
| Hematuria (> 10 red blood cells/µL) (%) | 32.2 | 38.9 | 27.5 | 0.35 |
| Treatment with ACEi or ARB (%) | 70.1 | 75.0 | 66.7 | 0.48 |
| Treatment with diuretics (%) | 28.7 | 36.1 | 23.5 | 0.23 |
| Treatment with β-blockers (%) | 46.0 | 41.7 | 49.0 | 0.52 |
| Treatment with statin (%) | 79.3 | 83.3 | 76.5 | 0.59 |
| Start of SGLT2i therapy (from spring or summer) (%) | 36.8 | 44.4 | 31.4 | 0.26 |
SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase; GLP-1: glucagon like peptide-1; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IAD-eGFR: initial acute decline in eGFR; BMI: body mass index; Hb: hemoglobin; ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-II receptor blocker; Dapa: dapagliflozin; Empa: empagliflozin; Cana: canagliflozin; Ipra: ipragliflozin; Luse: luseogliflozin; Tofo: tofogliflozin.