. 2020 Oct 30;22(10):e20113. doi: 10.2196/20113

Table 3.

The communication goals set for the first cycle of visualization.

S. no.	Design element or a concept	Message design elements intended to convey in the visualization (desired interpretation and/or reaction)	What users reported when viewing these design elements (verbal feedback; n=8)	How users reacted to these design elements (psychophysiology; n=6)
	Design element or a concept
1.		The avatar represents the participant.	Of 8 participants, 4 reported that the avatar represents them. The other 4 participants interpreted it as representing a person, but not them.	Of 6 participants, 1 visually attended to the appearance of the avatar. Overall valence was positive across the 6 participants.
2.		The hexagonal shape represents a unit.	Of 8 participants, 2 reported that each hexagonal shape was a separate unit. The other 6 participants interpreted it as an unspecified symbol or a honeycomb.	N/A^a (no psychophysiology data specific to this visual element).
3.		A person in a hexagonal shape around the central avatar represents the participant’s regular contacts (family members, friends, neighbors, or colleagues).	Of 8 participants, 3 reported that a person in hexagonal shape was a member of their community; 5 participants interpreted it as their family member.	N/A (no psychophysiology data specific to this visual element).
4.		Icon of an older woman and a baby represents vulnerable people or those with fragile immune systems (eg, patients with cancer). High arousal and visual attention were expected when vulnerable people appeared in the visualization.	All participants (8/8) reported that an older woman and a baby in the visualization represent vulnerable people.	Of 6 participants, 4 visually attended when vulnerable people appeared in the visualization. Of 6 participants, 3 showed a peak in arousal when vulnerable people appeared.
5.	Yellow color behind baby and an older woman	Yellow color signals vulnerable people.	Of 8 participants, 7 reported that yellow color signals vulnerable people; 1 participant did not pay attention to the yellow color in the visualization.	N/A (no psychophysiology data specific to this visual element).
6.		Red color signals diseased or infected; blue color signals vaccinated or protected; gray color signals susceptible to disease or infection	All participants (8/8) reported that the red color in the visualization represents disease, infection, or danger. All participants (8/8) reported that the blue color in the visualization signals being safe from diseases or vaccinated. Of 8 participants, 6 reported that gray color signals being susceptible to disease/infection or not vaccinated; 2 interpreted gray color as people who can be vulnerable.	N/A (no psychophysiology data specific to this visual element).
7.	When infection first enters the community.	High arousal, engagement, and visual attention were expected when the visualization shows when the infection first enters the community.	No comments recorded.	Of 6 participants, 3 visually attended when infection first entered the community. Of 6 participants, 2 showed a peak in arousal when infection first entered the community. No participants (0/6) were most likely to be in a high-engagement state when the infection first entered the community; 2 of 6 participants were most likely to be in a low-engagement state; 4 of 6 participants were most likely to be in a drowsy (unengaged) state.
8.	When the central avatar gets infected.	High arousal, engagement, and visual attention were expected when the visualization shows the central avatar representing the participant getting infected.	No comments recorded.	Of 6 participants, 1 visually attended when the avatar got infected. Of 6 participants, 4 showed peaks in arousal when the avatar got infected. Of 6 participants, 4 were most likely to be in a high-engagement state when the avatar got infected.
9.		Red connecting lines represent the spread of infection. High arousal, engagement, and visual attention was expected when the visualization showed red connecting lines indicating the spread of infection.	All participants (8/8) reported that red connecting lines indicate the spread of infection.	Of 6 participants, 1 visually attended to red connecting lines. Of 6 participants, 1 showed peak in arousal when red connecting lines appeared. All participants (6/6) were most likely to be in a high-engagement state when red connecting lines appeared.
10.	When the vulnerable people get infected.	High arousal, engagement, and visual attention were expected when the vulnerable people got infected.	No comments recorded.	Of 6 participants, 3 visually attended when vulnerable people got infected. All participants (6/6) showed a peak in arousal and a negative valence when vulnerable people got infected. All participants (6/6) were most likely to be in the state of high engagement when vulnerable people got infected.
11.	When community immunity was explained	Participants’ explanations include the concept of community immunity. High arousal, visual attention, and positive valence was expected when the visualization demonstrated the concept of community immunity.	All participants’ (8/8) explanations include the concept of community immunity, that is what it is and how it works.	Of 6 participants, 4 visually attended when community immunity was explained. Of 6 participants, 4 showed peak in arousal when community immunity was explained. Overall facial expression was neutral across the 6 participants.
12.		Thick blue band around vulnerable people indicates community immunity. High engagement and visual attention was expected when the thick blue band appeared around vulnerable people.	Of 88 participants, 6 reported that the thick blue band around vulnerable people represents community immunity, which protects them from getting infected.	Of 6 participants, 3 visually attended when the blue line appeared around vulnerable people. All participants (6/6) were most likely to be in a high-engagement state when the blue line appeared around vulnerable people.
13.		Blue lines spreading out from vaccinated people indicate the community immunity. High engagement was expected when blue lines appeared indicating the community immunity.	All participants (8/8) reported that blue lines spreading out from vaccinated people show the protective barrier that is community immunity.	All participants (6/6) were most likely to be in a high-engagement state when blue lines appeared indicating the community immunity.
14.		The cluster of hexagons represent different communities.	All participants (8/8) reported that clusters of hexagons represent different communities.	N/A (no psychophysiology data specific to this visual element).
15.		The avatar in the cluster of hexagons represents members of the community.	All participants (8/8) reported that the avatar in the clusters of hexagons represents members of the community.	N/A (no psychophysiology data specific to this visual element).
16.		The gray outline around the cluster of hexagons indicates a group or members of the same community.	Of 8 participants, 6 reported that the gray outline indicates the group or members of the same community.	N/A (no psychophysiology data specific to this visual element).
17.		The orange outline showed the participant’s community. High engagement was expected when an orange outline appeared around their community.	Of 8 participants, 7 interpreted the orange outline as their community.	Of 6 participants, 3 visually attended when the orange outline appeared around their community. All participants (6/6) were most likely to be in a high-engagement state when the orange outline appeared around their community.

^aN/A: not applicable.