Table 3.

Graphene biosensors for the detection of viral and bacterial markers in saliva

Biomarker	Sensing Platform	Detection Method	LODa	Detection Range	Recoveryb	Assay Time	Sample Volume	Preparation	Reference
H. Pylori	Graphene on Au/Silk	Chemi-resistive	100 cells	102 – 106 cells	N/A	10 min	1 μL	Whole saliva	(Mannoor et al. 2012)
HPV-16 L1	rGO/MoS2/GCE	DPV	0.1 ng/mL (1.75 pM)	0.2 – 2 ng/mL (5.3 – 35.3 pM)	97.1–105.3%	N/A	N/A	Whole saliva	(Chekin et al. 2018a)
H1N1	Shellac-derived TrGO/ITO/glass	EIS	33.11 PFU/mLc 26.04 PFU/mLd	0 – 10000 PFU/mL	N/A	N/A	N/A	80% v/v dilution with 1 × PBS	(Joshi et al. 2020)
Lysozyme	LBA-GR/GCE	EIS	6 fmol/L	0.01 – 0.5 pmol/L	N/A	N/A	N/A	Diluted	(Xiao et al. 2013)
Lysozyme	FAM-aptamers/ssDNA/rGO assembly	Fluorescence	1.4 μL (21.8 pM)c 6.837 pMd	1.6 – 14.4 μLc 25 – 175 pMd	85%	20 min	1 mL	10-fold dilution	(Liu et al. 2017)
Pyoverdine	AuNPs/Ppy-COOH/GR modified SPE	DPV	0.33 μM	1 – 100 μM	97.8 – 104.93%	N/A	N/A	1: 10 dilution with PBS	(Cernat et al. 2018)
Pyoverdine	AuNPs/Ppy-COOH/GR modified SPE	DPV	333.33 nmol/L	1 – 100 μmol/L	102.12%	N/A	N/A	1:100 dilution with PBS	(Gandouzi et al. 2018)

^aS/N = 3, otherwise differently specified

^bValues obtained in real saliva samples, otherwise differently specified

^cin saliva

^bin buffer