Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants by Category of Frailty Phenotype
| Overall | Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | N=1514 | N=429 | N=886 | N=199 | P |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 79.3 (5.17) | 78.1 (4.73) | 79.0 (4.98) | 83.0 (5.26) | <0.001 |
| White race, n (%) | 1394 (92.1) | 394 (91.8) | 810 (91.4) | 190 (95.5) | 0.16 |
| Ever smoker, n (%) | 899 (59.4) | 244 (56.9) | 526 (59.4) | 129 (64.8) | 0.17 |
| Years of Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| High school or less | 255 (16.8) | 52 (12.1) | 148 (16.7) | 55 (27.6) | |
| College/grad school | 1259 (83.2) | 377 (87.9) | 738 (83.3) | 144 (72.4) | |
| Multimorbidityb, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| None (0-1 conditions) | 351 (23.2) | 137 (31.9) | 185 (20.9) | 29 (14.6) | |
| Mild (2-4 conditions) | 663 (43.8) | 199 (46.4) | 401 (45.3) | 63 (31.7) | |
| At least moderate (≥5 conditions) | 500 (33.0) | 93 (21.7) | 300 (33.9) | 107 (53.8) | |
| GDS score (0-15), mean (SD) | 1.8 (2.06) | 0.6 (0.86) | 2.0 (1.91) | 3.6 (2.77) | <0.001 |
| 3MS (0-100), mean (SD) | 92.6 (6.53) | 93.7 (5.57) | 92.9 (6.17) | 89.2 (8.63) | <0.001 |
| # IADL impairmentsc (0-5), mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.98) | 0.1 (0.30) | 0.4 (0.84) | 1.6 (1.56) | <0.001 |
| # IADL impairmentsc (0-5), n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 1167 (77.1) | 408 (95.1) | 690 (77.9) | 69 (34.7) | |
| 1 | 179 (11.8) | 15 (3.5) | 123 (13.9) | 41 (20.6) | |
| ≥2 | 168 (11.1) | 6 (1.4) | 73 (8.2) | 89 (44.7) | |
| Kim CFId (0-1) | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 0.13 (0.10-0.17) | 0.12 (0.10-0.15) | 0.13 (0.11-0.17) | 0.18 (0.13-0.23) | |
| Mean (SD) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.07) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 27.0 (3.75) | 26.4 (3.17) | 27.4 (3.75) | 26.7 (4.65) | <0.001 |
| Total annual healthcare costs, USD | |||||
| Median (IQR) | $3,681 (1,686-9,626) | $2,695 (1,347-6,295) | $3,577 (1,672-8,776) | $10,606 (4,120-27,244) | |
| Mean (SD) | $9,496 (18,219) | $5,707 (8,800) | $8,964 (18,156) | $20,027 (27,419) | <0.001 |
| Incident hospitalization, n (%) | 631 (41.7) | 136 (31.7) | 358 (40.4) | 137 (68.8) | <0.001 |
| Incident SNF stay, n (%) | 147 (9.7) | 19 (4.4) | 80 (9.0) | 48 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Annual outpatient costs, USD | |||||
| Median (IQR) | $2,519 (1,399-4,192) | $2,126 (1,290-3,329) | $2,479 (1,418-4,192) | $3,673 (2,198-5,620) | |
| Mean (SD) | $3,442 (3,916) | $2,916 (3,373) | $3,305 (3,436) | $5,187 (6,005) | <0.001 |
| Died during follow-up, n (%) | 139 (9.2) | 15 (3.5) | 59 (6.7) | 65 (32.7) | <0.001 |
Note: GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; 3MS, Modified Mini Mental State Examination; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; CFI, claims-based frailty index; IQR, interquartile range; USD, U.S. 2018 dollars; SNF, skilled nursing facility
Participant characteristics assessed at MrOS Year 7 examination; total costs, hospitalizations, SNF stays, and outpatient care costs ascertained during 36 month period after MrOS Year 7 examination
Multimorbidity quantified using diagnoses in inpatient and outpatient claims data
Participants were queried about the following: difficulty walking 2-3 blocks on level ground, climbing up 10 steps without resting, doing heavy housework such as scrubbing floors or washing windows, preparing own meals, and doing own shopping for groceries or clothes
Kim CFI calculated using diagnosis and procedure codes in healthcare services claims in Medicare files in the year prior to the MrOS Year 7 examination