Table 2.
Association of Frailty Phenotype with Total Healthcare Costs
| Total healthcare costs |
||
|---|---|---|
| Frailty phenotype | Cost ratio (95% CI) | P |
| Base modela | ||
| Robust | 1.00 (referent) | <0.001 |
| Pre-frail | 1.42 (1.23-1.64) | |
| Frail | 2.72 (2.19-3.37) | |
| Multivariable (MV) modelb | ||
| Robust | 1.00 (referent) | <0.001 |
| Pre-frail | 1.28 (1.11-1.48) | |
| Frail | 2.35 (1.88-2.93) | |
| MV model + functional limitationsc | ||
| Robust | 1.00 (referent) | <0.001 |
| Pre-frail | 1.20 (1.04-1.38) | |
| Frail | 1.99 (1.56-2.52) | |
| MV model + Kim CFI | ||
| Robust | 1.00 (referent) | <0.001 |
| Pre-frail | 1.23 (1.07-1.42) | |
| Frail | 2.07 (1.65-2.60) | |
| MV model + functional limitations + Kim CFI | ||
| Robust | 1.00 (referent) | <0.001 |
| Pre-frail | 1.18 (1.02-1.36) | |
| Frail | 1.87 (1.47-2.39) | |
Note: CFI, claims-based frailty index
a
adjusted for age, race, and site
b
adjusted for age, race, site, multimorbidity burden, and cognitive function
c
functional limitations defined by number of IADL impairments