Table 1.

Native promiscuity of PTases for non-natural substrates.

Enzyme (organism)	Acceptors	Donors	Reference
FgaPT2 (Aspergillus fumigatus) [D]	L-Trp;* D-Trp; altered backbone Trp derivatives, L-Tyr and isomers, indole-containing DKPs and indolocarbazoles, fumiquinazolines	1*, 15, 16, 68–80	[64–70]
AtaPT (Aspergillus terreus) [D]	lignanoids, indole DKPs, quinolines, xanthones, benzophenones, flavonoids, stilebenes, coumarins	1, 3, 5, GGPP, PPP	[76]
FtmPT1 (Neosartorya fumigata) [D]	Cyclo(Trp-Pro);* Indole DKPs	1*	[67, 69]
CTrpPT (Aspergillus oryzae) [D]	Indole DKPs	1	[70, 76]
DMATS1Ff (Fusarium fujikuroi)	L- and D-Trp, 5-hydroxytryptophan, L-Tyr	1	[77]
NphB (Streptomyces spp.) [N]	2,7-dihyroxynaphalene;* DHN isomers, flavonoids (O- and C-), olivetol, resveratrol, sulfabenzamide	1, 3*, 5, 15–17, 29, 69, 71–76, 78, methyl, propargyl, o-propargyl, and o-benzyl GPP analogues; alkyl DMAPP analogues; substituted benzyl PP analogues, furan, thiophene, cyclohexene derivatives	[62, 83–86]
NovQ (Streptomyces spheroides) [N]	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate;* phenylpropanoids (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid), resveratrol, olivetol, flavonoids (naringenin, genestein)	1*	[62]
CloQ (Streptomyces roseochromogenes) [N]	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate;* flavonoids (i.e. luteolin, daidzein, genistein), reseveratrol	1*	[62, 86]
UbiA (Escherichia coli) [X]	4-hydroxybenzoate*	3, 5, solanesyl PP (C45)	[89]
UbiX (many species) [X]	Flavin mononucleotide*	1/DMAP,* 3/GP (species dependent)	[91]
Protein FTase/GGTase (mammalian) [X]	dansyl GCVLL	5/GGPP;* 5/GGPP analogues with additional methylene units	[82]
KabA (Pseudo-nitzxhia spp.) [X]	L-glutamate*	1*, crotyl diphosphate	[92]
DabA ((Pseudo-nitzxhia spp.) [X]	L-glutamate*	3*, 5	[92]

^(*)Denotes the native substrates for the enzyme.

Letter in brackets indicates PTase group: N=NphB-like; D=DMATS-like; X=O-PTase.