Table 1.

Cytokine expression levels of eleven human-specific growth factors tested in conditioned media collected at 24 h after exposure (n = 4/group)

	PBS	50 μM	100 μM	250 μM	500 μM	ANOVA
BDNF	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	N/A
NGF-β	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	N/A
EGF	922 ± 743	1006 ± 695	2685 ± 2647	3597 ± 1717	2678 ± 2702	P = 0.29
FGF2	688 ± 448	310 ± 435	1866 ± 1943	1311 ± 797	1850 ± 864	P = 0.19
HGF	17.5 ± 15.9	5.6 ± 5.2	34.4 ± 62.8	27.6 ± 31.6	63.5 ± 53.4	P = 0.36
LIF	4.9 ± 6.4	17.0 ± 9.0	20.6 ± 22.8	14.7 ± 13.1	35.3 ± 12.2	P = 0.08
PDGF-BB	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	N/A
PIGF-1	26.9 ± 2.6	17.1 ± 5.4	112.6 ± 108.2	137.7 ± 25.7	179.8 ± 94.4#	*P = 0.011
SCF	0.20 ± 0.13	0.23 ± 0.08	0.78 ± 0.77	0.31 ± 0.18	0.78 ± 0.55	P = 0.17
VEGF-A	572 ± 288	500 ± 375	3836 ± 3935	3183 ± 1389	5559 ± 2771#	*P = 0.025
VEGF-D	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	OOR	N/A

Note: Specific cytokines: BDNF, beta brain–derived neurotrophic factor; NGF-β, nerve growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; LIF, leukemic inhibitory factor; PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB; PIGF, placental growth factor; SCF, stem cell factor; VEGF-A and VEGF-D, vascular endothelial growth factors A and D (Growth Factor 11-plex Human ProcartaPlex™ Panel; Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA).

^*denotes an ANOVA with P < 0.05;

^#denotes an ANOVA with Dunnett’s comparison of P < 0.05.