Fig. 2. Inhibition of ciliogenesis in the developing POMC neurons causes obesity and glucose dysregulation in adulthood.

a Experimental scheme in mice with POMC-specific IFT88 depletion that commenced from E11–E12. b Representative cilia images and measurement of cilia lengths in the ARH of POMC-cre;;IFT88^f/f;;tdTomato mice and age-matched POMC-cre;;tdTomato mice (n = 5). Arrowheads indicate cilia of POMC^tdTomato neurons. Scale bars: 20 μm. c Body weights and body lengths of POMC-cre;;IFT88^f/f and IFT88^f/f male and female mice (body weights: n = 6 for POMC-cre;;IFT88^f/f males and n = 4 for the other 3 groups, body lengths: n = 7). d Lean mass and fat mass measured at 8 and 20 weeks (n = 4 for IFT88^f/f males, n = 6 for the other 3 groups). e Energy expenditure determined at 8 weeks (n = 4). f Average values of weekly food intake during 6–20 weeks (n = 6). g Glucose and insulin tolerance tests performed at 5 and 20 weeks (n = 5). h Patch clamp recordings showing the frequency and mean amplitude of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and the miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) in the POMC neurons lacking KIF3A or IFT88 (EPSC recording: n = 30 for POMC-cre mice, n = 15 for POMC-cre;;KIF3A^f/f mice, n = 23 for POMC-cre;;IFT88^f/f mice; IPSC recording: n = 29 for POMC-cre mice, n = 14 for POMC-cre;;KIF3A^f/f mice, n = 21 for POMC-cre;;IFT88^f/f mice). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM values. Statistics were performed using two-sided Student’s t test (b, d–f), one-sided two-way ANOVA (c, g) and one-sided one-way ANOVA (h) followed by post hoc LSD test and. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. IFT88^f/f controls. ns not significant.