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. 2020 Oct 26;7(4):e138. doi: 10.14440/jbm.2020.319

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Figure 3. — Effects of the components of Devils claw (H. procumbens) ethanolic extract on the expression of COX-2 in ex vivo porcine skin (n = 3 ± SD) where β-actin was used as the housekeeping protein. Key: 1. untreated control, 2. H. procumbens ethanolic extract, 3. admixture (harpagoside, 8-coumaroylharpagide, verbascoside), 4. admixture (harpagoside, harpagide, 8-coumaroylharpagide, verbascoside), 5. harpagoside (P < 0.05), 6. harpagide (P < 0.05), 7. 8-coumaroylharpagide (P < 0.05), 8. verbascoside (P < 0.05) and 9. ibuprofen (P < 0.05) (one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc comparisons). Note: anti-inflammatory activity of harpagoside, 8-coumaroylharpagide and verbascoside, but pro-inflammatory activity of harpagide.