Table 1. Population Characteristics by Sensory Impairment Status.
| Characteristic | Responses, No. (weighted %) | P valueb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overalla | Sensory impairment | |||||
| None | HI Only | VI Only | DSI | |||
| Total | 10 783 (100) | 4250 (40.9) | 2822 (25.4) | 1557 (14.8) | 2154 (18.9) | NA |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <65 | 1839 (14.7) | 767 (13.2) | 2822 (8.2) | 1557 (27.3) | 2154 (17.1) | <.001 |
| 65-74 | 3687 (52.3) | 1628 (57.6) | 246 (51.5) | 486 (48.0) | 340 (45.3) | |
| ≥75 | 5257 (33.0) | 1855 (29.2) | 909 (40.3 | 506 (24.7) | 644 (37.7) | |
| Women | 5733 (52.9) | 2390 (56.2) | 1278 (44.4) | 940 (59.7) | 1125 (51.7) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | <.001 | |||||
| White | 8195 (75.5) | 3132 (73.4) | 2368 (83.7) | 1029 (67.4) | 1666 (75.3) | |
| Black | 1075 (9.6) | 489 (10.8) | 144 (5.0) | 250 (14.6) | 192 (9.0) | |
| Hispanic | 869 (7.9) | 396 (9.3 | 160 (5.1) | 171 (10.0) | 142 (7.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic otherc | 644 (7.0) | 233 (6.5) | 150 (6.2) | 107 (8.0) | 154 (8.5) | |
| Education | ||||||
| <High school | 1803 (14.3) | 664 (13.0) | 375 (10.6) | 353 (20.7) | 411 (17.0) | <.001 |
| High school or equivalent | 3837 (32.9) | 1445 (30.5) | 1021 (33.9) | 568 (34.1) | 803 (35.9) | |
| >High school | 5143 (52.8) | 2141 (56.5) | 1426 (55.5) | 636 (45.3) | 940 (47.1) | |
| Not married | 5586 (45.5) | 2196 (45.0) | 1308 (39.2) | 895 (52.2) | 1187 (49.9) | <.001 |
| Nonmetropolitan area | 2702 (19.9) | 987 (17.7) | 709 (20.6) | 379 (18.8) | 627 (24.5) | <.001 |
| Income poverty ratio Medicare threshold, % of FPL | ||||||
| ≤100 | 1904 (14.5) | 795 (14.5) | 323 (9.5) | 390 (20.1) | 396 (16.6) | <.001 |
| >100 to ≤120 | 665 (5.5) | 263 (5.2) | 134 (4.1) | 124 (7.6) | 144 (6.5) | |
| >120 to ≤135 | 528 (4.3) | 201 (4.2) | 126 (3.8) | 85 (4.6) | 116 (5.2) | |
| >135 to ≤200 | 1749 (15.6) | 628 (13.9) | 462 (15.3) | 254 (16.9) | 405 (18.5) | |
| >200 | 5937 (60.1) | 2363 (62.2) | 1777 (67.4) | 704 (50.8) | 1093 (53.3) | |
| No supplemental insurance coverage | 5508 (46.9) | 2188 (45.6) | 1251 (39.9) | 945 (56.4) | 1124 (51.5) | <.001 |
| Chronic conditions, No.d | ||||||
| 0 | 740 (7.5) | 421 (10.5) | 164 (6.9) | 81 (5.2) | 74 (3.4) | <.001 |
| 1-2 | 4208 (41.0) | 1958 (48.5) | 1065 (39.4) | 555 (38.2) | 630 (29.0) | |
| 3-5 | 5176 (45.4) | 1722 (37.8) | 1442 (48.3) | 799 (48.5) | 1213 (55.8) | |
| >5 | 659 (6.2) | 149 (3.3) | 151 (5.5) | 122 (8.1) | 237 (11.8) | |
| Functional limitations | ||||||
| None | 5929 (59.8) | 2773 (70.7) | 1683 (65.2) | 677 (47.5) | 796 (38.7) | <.001 |
| IADLs | ||||||
| Only | 1717 (13.8) | 611 (11.7) | 430 (13.1) | 281 (16.0) | 395 (17.4) | |
| 1-2 | 2123 (17.9) | 646 (13.1) | 512 (15.6) | 375 (22.1) | 590 (28.1) | |
| 3-4 | 660 (5.6) | 142 (2.8) | 141 (4.5) | 136 (9.2) | 241 (10.2) | |
| 5-6 | 354 (2.9) | 78 (1.7) | 56 (1.6) | 88 (5.2) | 132 (5.7) | |
Abbreviations: DSI, dual sensory impairment; FPL, Federal Poverty Level; HI, hearing impairment; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; VI, vision impairment.
a
Representing 44 736 889 Medicare beneficiaries.
b
Groupwise comparisons using χ2 tests of association for survey data.
c
Racial/ethnic groups included in other were American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
d
Number of chronic conditions derived as a count of self-reported physician diagnoses of the following conditions: heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, arthritis, cancer, chronic lung disease, mental disorder, and depression.