Table 1. Overview of the Studies Investigating the Association Between Cancer and AD by Cancer Type.
| Source | Study design | Country | Study Period | Study participants, No. | Age at baseline, y | Educational level | White participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All cancer types | |||||||
| Bowles et al,10 2017 | Population-based cohort study | US | 1994-2005 | 4357 (42% men); 756 prevalent cancer; 583 incident cancer | Median, 75 (IQR, 70-80) prevalent cancer; median, 73 (IQR, 69-78) cancer-free | <College degree: 49% prevalent cancer; 49% cancer-free at baseline | 92% prevalent cancer; 81% cancer-free at baseline |
| Driver et al,40 2012 | Population-based cohort study | US | 1986-2008 | 1278 (39% men); 176 prevalent cancer; 247 incident cancer | Median, 77 (range, 68-96) prevalent cancer, 76 (range, 68-96) cancer-free | Completed secondary school: 72% prevalent cancer; 67% cancer-free at baseline | Not reported |
| Frain et al,46 2017 | US veteran cohort study | US | 1996-2001 | 3 499 378 (98% men); 771 285 incident cancer | Median, 71 (IQR, 65-76) cancer group; median, 71 (IQR, 65-77) cancer-free group | Not reported | 74% cancer group; 71% cancer-free group |
| Freedman et al,41 2016 | Cohort study of Medicare population in SEER regions | US | 1992-2005 | 1 163 327 (50% men); 742 805 incident cancer | Median, 74 (range, 66-85) cancer group; median, 67 (range, 66-85) cancer-free group | Not reported | 84% cancer-free group |
| Hanson et al,45 2017 | Population-based cohort study | US | 1992-2009 | 92 425 (48% men); 2630 history of cancer and AD diagnosis | Range, 65-79 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Musicco et al,38 2013 | Population-based cohort study | Italy | 2004-2009 | 204 468 with cancer diagnosis (57% men) | Mean (SD), 72.4 (7.8) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Nudelman et al,39 2014 | Cross-sectional case-control study | US | 2003 | 1609 (56% men); 313 AD cases; 1296 AD controls | Mean (SD) age range, 77-71 (5-8); reported by categories of AD and cancer status | Mean years education, range: 15-17 (SD, 2-3); reported by categories of AD and cancer status | Range, 81%-95%; reported by categories of AD and cancer status |
| Ording et al,47 2020 | Population-based cohort study | Denmark | 1980-2013 | 949 309 cancer cases (48% men); 679 122 cases were 5:1 matched to cancer-free controls | Cancer cases: median, 83.1 (IQR, 77.9- 87.5); cancer-free controls: median, 83.5 (IQR: 78.6-87.7) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Prinelli et al,48 2018 | Population-based nested case-control study | Italy | 1991-2012 | 1515 in the original cohort; 54 AD cases (56% men); 216 AD controls (age-, sex-, and smoking-matched 1:4) | Mean (SD), 62.1 (7.2) | ≥Primary school: 61% AD cases; 67% AD controls | Not reported |
| Realmuto et al,44 2012 | Clinic-based case-control study | Italy | 2006-2010 | 378 (29% men); 126 AD cases; 256 AD controls (age- and sex-matched) | Mean (SD), 76.7 (6.8) at interview; mean (SD), 71.1 (7.5) at AD diagnosis | >8 y of education: 18% AD cases; 29% AD controls | Not reported |
| Roe et al,43 2005 | Cohort study | US | 1992-?a | 249 (35% men); 50 with cancer history at baseline | Mean (SD), 78.1 (10.2) cancer group; mean (SD), 79.5 (9.8) cancer-free group | Mean (SD), y: 15 (2.9) cancer group; 14 (23.2) cancer-free group | 100% cancer group; 94% cancer-free group |
| Roe et al,37 2010 | Population-based cohort study | US | 1992-1999 | 3020 (41% men); 522 prevalent cancer; 376 incident cancer | Mean (SD), 75.9 (5.3) prevalent cancer; mean (SD), 74.9 (5.2) cancer-free | Mean (SD), y: 13 (3.3) prevalent cancer, 13 (3.2) cancer-free group | 92% prevalent cancer; 90% cancer-free group |
| Sun et al,42 2020 | Population-based cohort study | Sweden | 1992-2015 | 2 502 258 (55% men); 732 901 incident cancer | Median birth year 1931 in cancer group and cancer-free group | ≥12 y: 18% cancer group; 17% cancer-free group | Not reported |
| PC | |||||||
| Chung et al,52 2016 | Population-based cohort study | Taiwan | 2001-2013 | 5340 men; 1335 incident PC; 4005 age-matched cancer-free men | Mean (SD), 72.2 (9.3) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Ng et al,50 2018 | Population-based cohort study | Australia | 2003-2004 | 40 304 men; 3664 incident PC with ADT; age-matched (ratio 1:10) with cancer-free men | 92% were ≥65 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Robinson et al,53 2018 | Population-based cohort study | Sweden | 2006-2014 | 146 985 men; 25 967 incident PC cases; year of birth– and county-matched (ratio 1:5) cancer-free men | Mean (SD), 76.5 (7.6) | High educational level: 18% cancer group; 18% cancer-free group | Not reported |
| Shahinian et al,51 2006 | Cohort study of Medicare population in SEER regions | US | 1992-2001 | 101 089 men; 50 613 incident PC between 1992-1997 | >66; median age, 72 in cancer-free group and cancer without ADT (75 for ADT group) | In zip code area with >12 y of education: 77% cancer group without ADT; 77% cancer-free group | In zip code area: 83% cancer group without ADT; 84% cancer-free group |
| Smith et al,49 2018 | Medicare inpatient hospital or skilled nursing facility cohort study | US | 1986-1997 | 549 525 men; 115 189 with PC | PC: mean (SD), 70.4 (2.41); cancer-free group not reported | Not reported | 100% |
| NMSC | |||||||
| Schmidt et al,9 2017 | Population-based cohort study | Denmark | 1980-2013 | 1 297 318 (49% men); 216 221 incident NMSC | Median, 68 (IQR, 58-78) | Not reported | Not reported |
| White et al,55 2013 | Population-based cohort study | US | 1993-2009 | 1102 (42% men); 109 prevalent NMSC; 32 incident NMSC | Mean (SD), 79.4 (5.1) prevalent cancer; mean (SD), 78.0 (4.8) incident cancer; mean (SD), 78.9 (5.5) cancer-free group | Mean (SD), y: 15.1 (3.3) prevalent cancer; 13.4 (4.2) incident cancer; 13.2 (3.5) cancer-free group | 97% prevalent cancer; 100% incident cancer; 67% cancer-free group |
| Wu et al,54 2011 | Cohort study | US | 2003-2009 | 241 534 (56% men); 120 767 with NMSC; age-, sex-, region-, and calendar year–matched (ratio 1:1) to cancer-free people | Mean, 76.4 | Not reported | Not reported |
| BC | |||||||
| Sun et al,56 2016 | Population-based cohort study | Taiwan | 2000-2004 | 120 985 women; 24 197 incident BC; age- and index year–matched (ratio 1:4) cancer-free women | BC: mean (SE), 49.5 (0.04); cancer-free group; mean (SE), 49.6 (0.07) | Not reported | Not reported |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; BC, breast cancer; IQR, interquartile range; NMSC, nonmelanoma skin cancer; PC, prostate cancer; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program of the National Cancer Institute.
a
Final calendar year of follow-up not reported.