Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study patients (n = 38)
| Variable | Category | Mean ± SD Number (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.8 ± 6.4 | |
| Sex | Female | 16 (42.1) |
| Male | 22 (57.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) (n = 37) | 28.8 ± 5.7 | |
| Education level | < High school | 15 (39.5) |
| High school | 17 (44.7) | |
| Undergraduate degree | 4 (10.5) | |
| Graduate Degree | 1 (2.6) | |
| Postgraduate degree | 1 (2.6) | |
| No. of languages known | 1 | 20 (52.6) |
| 2 | 11 (28.9) | |
| 3 | 6 (15.8) | |
| 6 | 1 (2.6) | |
| Working | No | 30 (78.9) |
| Yes | 8 (21.1) | |
| Marital status | Married | 25 (65.8) |
| Divorced | 8 (21.1) | |
| Widow | 5 (13.2) | |
| Self-sufficient | No | 3 (7.9) |
| Yes | 35 (92.1) | |
| Living environment (No. of people) | 1 | 12 (31.6) |
| 2 | 24 (63.2) | |
| 3 | 1 (2.6) | |
| 4 | 1 (2.6) | |
| Number of alcoholic drinks/weeks | 0 | 22 (57.9) |
| 1 | 6 (15.8) | |
| ≥ 2 | 10 (26.3) | |
| Smoking Status | Non-smoker | 15 (39.5) |
| Past smoker | 14 (36.8) | |
| (Mean no. of years since quitting) | 13.1 ± 12.2 | |
| Current smoker | 9 (23.7) | |
| (Mean no. of cigarettes/day) | 12.2 ± 7.3 | |
| Surgery | General | 12 (31.6) |
| Genitourinary | 15 (39.5) | |
| Orthopedic | 11 (28.9) | |
| No. of psychoactive drugs | 0 | 32 (84.2) |
| 1 | 5 (13.2) | |
| 2 | 1 (2.6) | |
| Type of psychoactive drug (n = 6) | Benzodiazepines | 5 (83.3) |
| SSRI | 1 (16.7) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | No | 28 (73.7) |
| Yes | 10 (26.3) | |
| IPAQ work-related (h/week) | 0.26 ± 0.92 | |
| IPAQ transport-related (h/day) | 0.63 ± 0.76 | |
| IPAQ household-related (h/day) | 0.42 ± 0.60 | |
| IPAQ leisure time-related (h/day) | 0.19 ± 0.41 | |
| IPAQ sitting time (h/day) | 7.3 ± 2.4 | |
| Energy (METs-min) | 239 ± 242 | |
| GDS (0–30) | 6.66 ± 4.43 | |
| MMSE (/30) | 25.8 ± 4.19 | |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) (n = 31) | 31.2 ± 33.9 | |
| HMGB1 (pg/ml) (n = 33) | 38.9 ± 85.6 |
BMI Body mass index, SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, MMSE Mini-mental state examination, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire (long version), IL Interleukin, HMGB1 High molecular group box protein 1, METs Metabolic Equivalents, GDS Geriatric depression scale