Table 3.

Effect of baseline parameters on the evolution of MMSE scores

Variable	Coefficient (SE)*	P-value
Age (years)	−0.071 (0.11)	0.53
Gender (Male vs. Female)	0.23 (1.41)	0.87
BMI (kg/m2)	−0.077 (0.13)	0.55
Education level(a)	1.36 (0.72)	0.069
No. of languages known	1.44 (0.63)	0.028
Working (Yes vs. No)	2.95 (1.64)	0.080
Marital status
(Divorced vs Married)	−0.080 (1.75)	0.96
(Widow vs. Married)	0.65 (2.13)	0.76
Self-sufficient (Yes vs. No)	6.44 (2.31)	0.0083
Living situation (No. of people)	0.67 (1.10)	0.55
Number of alcoholic drinks/week(b)	0.48 (0.53)	0.37
Smoking Status
(Current vs. Never)	−0.38 (1.52)	0.81
(Past vs. Never)	−3.50 (1.73)	0.51
Surgery
(Orthopedic vs. General)	1.52 (1.76)	0.39
(Genitourinary vs. General)	−0.95 (1.64)	0.57
No. of psychoactive medications(b)	−0.91 (1.75)	0.61
Type 2 Diabetes (Yes vs. No)	−2.82 (1.50)	0.068
IPAQ work-related (h/week)(b)	2.49 (1.40)	0.084
IPAQ transport-related (h/day)(b)	0.78 (1.45)	0.59
IPAQ household-related (h/day)(b)	1.00 (1.39)	0.48
IPAQ leisure time-related (h/day)(b)	3.32 (1.75)	0.066
IPAQ sitting time (h/day)(b)	−1.75 (1.53)	0.26
Energy (METs-min)(b)	0.045 (0.083)	0.59
GDS	−0.47 (0.14)	0.0015
MMSE baseline	0.92 (0.067)	< 0.0001
IL-6 baseline (pg/ml)(c)	−0.31 (0.46)	0.50
IL-6 increase until 24 h (Yes vs. No)	1.47 (1.56)	0.35
HMGB1 baseline (pg/ml)(c)	0.13 (0.46)	0.77
HMGB1 increase until 24 h (Yes vs. No)	0.13 (1.76)	0.94

*covariate regression coefficients are adjusted for time; a positive (negative) coefficient is associated with an increasing (lowering) impact of parameter on MMSE scores over time

(a) treated as an ordinal variable

(b) square root transform applied to normalize the distribution

(c) log-transform applied to normalize the distribution

BMI Body mass index, SE Standard error, MMSE Mini-mental state examination, IPAQ International Physical Activity questionnaire (long version), IL Interleukin, HMGB1 High molecular group box protein 1, GDS Geriatric depression score