Table 2.
Nicotine- and anabasine-degrading bacterial isolates.
| Class | The closest species identity in the GenBank database | 0 Weeks | 4 Weeks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0WC, 0WT | 4WC | 4WT | ||
| n = 16 birds | n = 8 birds | n = 8 birds | ||
| Alphaproteobacteria | ||||
| Methylorubrum thiocyanatum | – | – | 1 (98.5) | |
| Methylorubrum populi | – | – | 1 (99.0) | |
| Roseomonas mucosa | – | – | 1 (99.6) | |
| Gammaproteobacteria | ||||
| Pseudomonas geniculata | 1 (95.0) | – | – | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 3 (96.7) | 11 (99.0–100.0) | 17 (99.0–100.0) | |
| Pseudomonas hibiscicola | – | – | 1 (96.4) | |
| Delftia lacustris | – | 1 (99.00) | – | |
| Acinetobacter pittii | 8 (96.0–100.0) | 1 (99.8) | 3 (99.0–99.9) | |
| Acinetobacter junii | 1 (99.0) | – | 2 (99.0–99.8) | |
| Acinetobacter bereziniae | – | 3 (99.0–99.7) | – | |
| Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. oharae | 2 (96.3) | – | – | |
| Enterobacter mori (tabaci) | 7 (98.0–99.0) | – | – | |
| Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis | 2 (98.0–99.6) | 7 (99.1–99.5) | 10 (99.1–99.2) | |
| Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. hormaechei | – | 2 (99.0–100.0) | 1 (100.0) | |
| Enterobacter ludwigii | 1 (98.6) | – | – | |
| Stenotrophomonas pavanii | – | 2 (99.4–99.5) | 2 (99.1–99.3) | |
| Stenotrophomonas rhizophila | – | 3 (97.0–99.3) | 3 (97.4–99.1) | |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | – | 2 (99.5–99.7) | – | |
| Klebsiella michiganensis | – | 1 (98.7) | 1 (99.4) | |
| Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae | – | 1 (99.0) | – | |
| Klebsiella grimontii | – | 3 (98.7–99.6) | 4 (98.6–99.4) | |
| Flavobacteriia | ||||
| Chryseobacterium gleum | 2 (99.1–99.2) | 5 (99.2–99.6) | 2 (98.6–99.4) | |
| Bacilli | ||||
| Exiguobacterium indicum | 1 (99.5) | 2 (99.0–99.5) | 2 (99.1–99.5) | |
| Lactococcus lactis subsp. hordniae | – | – | 1 (99.6) | |
| Actinobacteria | ||||
| Brevibacterium sanguinis | – | 4 (98.0–99.6) | 1 (99.4) | |
| Kocuria palustris | – | 2 (97.9–98.5) | ||
| Sphingobacteriia | ||||
| Sphingobacterium spiritivorum | – | – | 13 (98.5–99.8) | |
| Sphingobacterium multivorum | - | 1 (98.5) | 1 (98.9) | |
Isolates were cultured at time 0 before nicotine and anabasine were added to the birds’ artificial diet (0WC, 0WT) and 4 weeks after starting the experiment (4WC and 4WT). Isolates were identified by sequencing their 16S rRNA genes (GenBank accession numbers MK348690–MK348835). Numbers before the parenthesis indicate the number of isolates. Numbers in parenthesis represent percentage of identity to type strain species. See also Supplementary Table 4.