Table 1.
Comparisons of the Clinical Characteristics of Patients in ICU with Different Severities of Coronavirus Disease 2019
| Characteristics | All Patients (n=107) | P-value | Severe Patients | P-value | Critical Patients | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-AKI (59, 55.1) | AKI (48, 44.9) | Non-AKI (30, 81.1) | AKI (7, 18.9) | Non-AKI (29, 55.1) | AKI (41, 44.9) | ||||
| Age (years) | 68 (63–75) | 73 (67–81) | 0.031 | 67 (63–78) | 78 (71–84) | 0.021 | 68 (63–72) | 72 (65–81) | 0.170 |
| Male sex | 37 (62.7) | 32 (66.7) | 0.671 | 18 (60.0) | 6 (85.7) | 0.174 | 19 (65.5) | 26 (63.4) | 0.856 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8±1.9 | 23.7±2.5 | 0.033 | 22.7±1.9 | 22.7±2.5 | 0.930 | 23.0±1.9 | 23.9±2.5 | 0.092 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 37 (62.7) | 36 (75.0) | 0.175 | 20 (66.7) | 6 (85.7) | 0.294 | 17 (58.6) | 30 (73.2) | 0.202 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 12 (20.3) | 21 (43.8) | 0.009 | 6 (20.0) | 4 (57.1) | 0.058 | 6 (20.7) | 17 (41.5) | 0.068 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 12 (20.3) | 11 (22.9) | 0.747 | 5 (16.7) | 0 | 0.132 | 7 (24.1) | 11 (26.8) | 0.800 |
| Diabetes | 10 (16.9) | 12 (25.0) | 0.305 | 3 (10.0) | 1 (14.3) | 0.750 | 7 (24.1) | 11 (26.8) | 0.800 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 6 (10.2) | 13 (27.1) | 0.023 | 2 (6.7) | 3 (42.9) | 0.025 | 4 (13.8) | 10 (24.4) | 0.275 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 | 5 (10.4) | 0.004 | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 0.001 | 0 | 2 (4.9) | 0.140 |
| Signs and symptoms | |||||||||
| Cough | 51 (86.4) | 38 (79.2) | 0.317 | 26 (86.7) | 5 (71.4) | 0.353 | 25 (86.2) | 33 (80.5) | 0.528 |
| Fever | 46 (78.0) | 35 (72.9) | 0.545 | 24 (80.0) | 4 (57.1) | 0.225 | 22 (75.9) | 31 (75.6) | 0.981 |
| Dyspnoea | 47 (79.7) | 30 (62.5) | 0.049 | 47 (79.7) | 30 (62.5) | 0.049 | 24 (82.8) | 27 (65.9) | 0.117 |
| Muscle ache | 38 (64.4) | 30 (62.5) | 0.838 | 16 (53.3) | 2 (28.6) | 0.231 | 22 (75.9) | 28 (68.3) | 0.490 |
| Fatigue | 34 (57.6) | 27 (56.3) | 0.886 | 18 (60.0) | 3 (42.9) | 0.412 | 16 (55.2) | 24 (58.5) | 0.779 |
| Chest pain | 11 (18.6) | 5 (10.4) | 0.235 | 7 (23.3) | 0 | 0.069 | 4 (13.8) | 5 (12.2) | 0.844 |
| Chills | 11 (18.6) | 5 (10.4) | 0.235 | 5 (16.7) | 0 | 0.132 | 6 (20.7) | 5 (12.2) | 0.340 |
| Headache | 4 (6.8) | 2 (4.2) | 0.554 | 3 (10.0) | 0 | 0.251 | 1 (3.4) | 2 (4.9) | 0.769 |
| Diarrhoea | 1 (1.7) | 3 (6.3) | 0.212 | 0 | 0 | – | 1 (3.4) | 3 (7.3) | 0.479 |
| Chest CT findings | |||||||||
| Multiple mottling and ground glass opacity | 56 (94.9) | 44 (91.7) | 0.500 | 28 (93.3) | 7 (100.0) | 0.352 | 28 (96.6) | 37 (90.2) | 0.292 |
| Pneumonia | 0.274 | 0.514 | – | ||||||
| Unilateral pneumonia | 1 (1.7) | 0 | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Bilateral pneumonia | 58 (98.3) | 48 (100.0) | 29 (96.7) | 7 (100.0) | 29 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | |||
| MAP on ICU admission | 97±15 | 95±21 | 0.633 | 101±14 | 95±11 | 0.268 | 92±15 | 95±23 | 0.495 |
| Laboratory results on ICU admission | |||||||||
| Albumin (g/L) | 31.9±3.8 | 31.0±4.5 | 0.265 | 31.9±3.3 | 33.4±5.7 | 0.559 | 31.6±4.3 | 30.5±4.2 | 0.294 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 30.5 (16.4–57.7) | 31.4 (17.2–53.3) | 0.698 | 22.6 (12.0–53.9) | 21.7 (15.2–30.2) | 0.628 | 35.9 (18.4–62.8) | 36.0 (17.3–59.3) | 0.981 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 26.9 (16.9–42.0) | 29.7 (21.9–63.7) | 0.152 | 24.3 (14.9–39.9) | 26.5 (19.7–53.9) | 0.698 | 31.9 (19.1–48.7) | 30.2 (22.6–73.1) | 0.551 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 6.1 (4.5–8.1) | 9.4 (6.2–13.4) | <0.001 | 5.4 (4.4–6.7) | 9.1 (4.1–12.0) | 0.103 | 6.7 (4.7–9.0) | 9.5 (6.4–13.6) | 0.007 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 189.0 (133.0–229.0) | 282.5 (187.5–392.3) | <0.001 | 190.5 (146.5–228.0) | 315.0 (229.0–502.0) | 0.002 | 170.0 (116.5–235.0) | 261.0 (181.5–387.5) | 0.001 |
| Creatine kinase (U/L) | 44.5 (25.1–85.8) | 66.3 (36.4–160.6) | 0.025 | 32.1 (19.8–72.3) | 66.7 (53.1–75.8) | 0.092 | 52.1 (36.9–101.3) | 63.7 (35.9–164.1) | 0.489 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 305.2 (225.0–375.3) | 467.0 (293.1–755.2) | <0.001 | 228.3 (198.8–306.2) | 251.0 (242.0–578.3) | 0.194 | 354.9 (303.1–469.3) | 482.1 (334.0–773.9) | 0.031 |
| Creatine kinase isoenzyme (U/L) | 11.9 (8.7–16.1) | 18.1 (11.1–30.2) | <0.001 | 9.3 (7.9–11.9) | 11.0 (8.8–52.7) | 0.181 | 15.7 (11.4–21.5) | 18.6 (12.6–29.8) | 0.116 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.6 (1.3–2.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 0.011 |
| CO2 (mmol/L) | 25.0 (23.0–28.0) | 22.0 (19.0–25.0) | 0.001 | 24.0 (23.0–27.0) | 23.0 (20.0–29.0) | 0.656 | 26.0 (22.0–29.0) | 22.0 (19.0–24.0) | 0.002 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 1.8 (1.3–5.4) | 5.1 (2.4–7.9) | <0.001 | 1.7 (0.9–3.2) | 4.5 (2.4–8.0) | 0.052 | 2.4 (1.5–6.2) | 5.4 (2.3–9.1) | 0.028 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 114±20 | 119±20 | 0.224 | 110±19 | 116±20 | 0.451 | 118±21 | 120±21 | 0.816 |
| Leucocytes (×109/L) | 9.0 (6.2–13.2) | 10.7 (6.1–17.4) | 0.261 | 7.1 (5.6–10.4) | 5.0 (4.2–5.6) | 0.015 | 11.2 (7.2–15.7) | 11.7 (8.1–18.2) | 0.633 |
| Platelets (×109/L) | 224 (165–276) | 153 (60–196) | <0.001 | 224 (169–260) | 163 (79–166) | 0.008 | 224 (101–298) | 152 (58–198) | 0.005 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 33.2 (8.7–112.4) | 91.5 (22.5–150.9) | 0.031 | 22.4 (5.7–86.0) | 22.1 (2.0–117.5) | 0.816 | 52.4 (11.8–141.2) | 94.1 (28.6–155.4) | 0.226 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.4) | <0.001 | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–3.2) | 0.087 | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | 0.022 |
| Blood gas analysis | |||||||||
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 2.1 (1.3–3.7) | 0.001 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.8) | 0.206 | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | 2.2 (1.5–3.7) | 0.170 |
| PH | 7.42±0.10 | 7.39±0.12 | 0.110 | 7.43±0.05 | 7.41±0.03 | 0.192 | 7.41±0.13 | 7.38±0.13 | 0.402 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 78.9 (56.7–114.0) | 71.3 (57.0–90.4) | 0.503 | 88.9 (74.7–123.4) | 81.8 (78.0–121.5) | 0.877 | 59.9 (53.7–83.5) | 70.7 (57.0–84.6) | 0.238 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 38.7 (33.4–45.2) | 39.9 (32.9–46.7) | 0.558 | 37.8 (33.4–40.6) | 37.6 (32.0–47.5) | 0.641 | 41.9 (33.1–48.0) | 40.7 (33.2–46.7) | 0.802 |
| Oxygenation index (mmHg) | 205.0 (86.0–280.0) | 91.0 (64.0–179.0) | 0.003 | 254.5 (203.0–324.0) | 233.0 (86.0–281.0) | 0.313 | 86.0 (65.0–203.0) | 87.0 (61.0–154.0) | 0.616 |
| Proteinuria | 13 (22.0) | 33 (68.8) | <0.001 | 5 (16.7) | 4 (57.1) | 0.035 | 8 (27.6) | 29 (70.7) | <0.001 |
| Hematuria | 19 (32.2) | 28 (58.3) | 0.007 | 6 (20.0) | 3 (42.9) | 0.225 | 13 (44.8) | 25 (61.0) | 0.182 |
| Kidney function | |||||||||
| Baseline Scr (μmol/L) | 58.0 (48.0–66.0) | 72.0 (62.0–78.0) | <0.001 | 58 0.0 (48.0–67.0) | 81.0 (70.0–100.0) | 0.003 | 56.0 (49.0–67.0) | 70 (60–76) | <0.001 |
| Scr on ICU admission (μmol/L) | 56.8 (48.6–68.8) | 83.3 (67.3–123.8) | <0.001 | 55.6 (47.9–67.7) | 100.2 (70.7–121.9) | 0.002 | 61.0 (48.9–71.5) | 82.6 (61.8–124.5) | <0.001 |
| Scr at the time of AKI diagnosis (μmol/L) | 56.8 (48.6–68.8) | 127.5 (111.3–161.2) | <0.001 | 55.6 (47.9–67.7) | 104.9 (101.1–161.2) | <0.001 | 61.0 (48.9–71.5) | 127.7 (112.2–161.1) | <0.001 |
| Peak Scr (μmol/L) | 67.6 (57.6–77.1) | 183.6 (126.1–279.5) | <0.001 | 67.6 (55.8–77.4) | 139.4 (104.6–181.7) | <0.001 | 66.8 (60.4–77.9) | 212.5 (129.6–306.7) | <0.001 |
| Oliguria | – | 17 (35.4) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | 17 (41.5) | <0.001 |
| AKI Stage | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 1 | – | 17 (35.4) | – | – | 6 (85.7) | – | – | 11 (26.8) | – |
| 2 | – | 9 (18.8) | – | – | 1 (14.3) | – | – | 8 (19.5) | – |
| 3 | – | 22 (45.8) | – | – | 0 | – | – | 22 (53.7) | – |
Note: Values are n (%), mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; MAP, mean arterial pressure, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa; ICU, intensive care unit; Scr, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.