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. 2020 Jun 30;40(3):546–556. doi: 10.7705/biomedica.5380
ADL n (%) p or mean (SD) CI95% p
Variable Dressing Bathing Eating Getting into/out of bed Toileting
Sociodemographics
Age 67.49 (9.53) <0.001 72.99 (9.67) 72.12- 73.85. <0.001 72.34 (10.19) 71.15-73.55. <0.001 69.11 (9.81) 68.40-69.84. <0.001 69.78 (9.83) 68.90-70.66. <0.001
Gender
Male 395 (40.72) <0.001 164 (8.53). 0.84 102 (5.32) 0.018 223 (12.30). 0.09 156 (8.36). 0.526
Female 575 (59.28) 318 (8.37) 176 (4.52) 487 (13.97) 323 (8.87)
Financial situation
Good 130 (13.40) <0.001 71 (7.43) 0.228 43 (4.45) 0.593 94 (10.28) 0.002 53 (5.76) 0.001
Poor 840 (86.60) 410 (8.61) 0.228 235 (4.85) 0.593 616 (14.07) 426 (9.30)
Marital status
Alone 289 (40.48) <0.001 433 (9.64) <0.001 239 (5.21) 0.003 602 (14.44) <0.001 410 (9.52) <0.001
In a relationship 425 (59.52) 49 (3.98) 39 (3.18) 108 (9.57) 0 69 (5.74)
Education 5.51 (3.99) <0.001 4.37 (3.67) 3.42-5.33. 0.01 4.63 (3.04) 3.50-5.77. 0.05 5.20 (3.86) 4.56-5.84. 0.02 5.51 (4.13) 0.17
Pain 524 (54.02) <0.001 270 (8.76) 0.28 152(4.85) 0.75 451 (16.56) <0.001 290 (9.96) <0.001
Comorbidities 1.94 (0.88) <0.001 1.34 (1.01) <0.001 1.36 (0.99) <0.001 1.37 (0.99) <0.001 1.41 (1.01) <0.001
Depression 448 (46.19) <0.001 244 (9.34) 0.022 146 (5.45) 0.028 388 (16.65) <0.001 2151 (10.14) <0.001
Cognitive impairment 40 (6.69) 0.805 32 (13.06) 0.007 15 (5.88) 0.303 38 (16.45) 0.154 20 (8.66) 0.823
Medical visits last year
None 130 (35.04) <0.001 89 (8.07) 0.221 42 (3.84) 0.104 117 (11.07) 0.013 67 (6.31) 0.002
One or more 241 (64.96) 393 (8.51) 236 (5.00) 593 (13.98) 412 (9.27)

IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living for which help is required or subjects were unable to perform