Table 2.
Clinical features and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients: comparison of patients with healthcare-associated infection (HAI) and those without.
| No HAI | HAI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1506 | 59 | |
| SOFA score on admissiona | 0 (0–1), 1506 | 1 (0–2), 59 | 0.001 |
| Initial laboratory studiesa | |||
| WBC | 8.1 (5.9–11.4), 1501 | 10.3 (7.3–14.2), 58 | 0.004 |
| Lymphocyte count | 1.06 (0.73–1.51), 1431 | 0.85 (0.63–1.26), 59 | 0.048 |
| Hemoglobin | 13 (11.5–14.4), 1501 | 13.8 (12.7–15), 58 | 0.012 |
| Platelets | 212 (164–275), 1499 | 228 (161–317), 58 | 0.35 |
| Troponin | 0.02 (0.02–0.02), 1234 | 0.02 (0.02–0.05), 54 | 0.21 |
| Lactate | 1.1 (0.8–1.5), 846 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1), 56 | 0.001 |
| BUN | 16 (11–25), 1446 | 20 (14–33), 58 | 0.008 |
| Creatinine | 1.02 (0.82–1.35), 1447 | 1.24 (0.96–1.59), 58 | 0.001 |
| ALT | 32 (22–54), 1436 | 42 (28–67), 57 | 0.03 |
| Bilirubin | 0.5 (0.4–0.7), 1405 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9), 57 | 0.046 |
| INR | 1.15 (1.07–1.27), 1275 | 1.15 (1.09–1.35), 59 | 0.38 |
| aPTT | 29.7 (27.1–32.8), 897 | 28.3 (26.2–31.4), 52 | 0.24 |
| Ferritin | 373 (158–805), 1083 | 743 (442–1450), 57 | 0.001 |
| CRP | 7.4 (2.9–12.8), 1101 | 12 (8.9–21.2), 58 | 0.001 |
| D-dimer | 0.79 (0.48–1.45), 1066 | 0.92 (0.60–2.02), 56 | 0.001 |
| ICU admissions | 422 (28.0%) | 58 (98.3%) | 0.001 |
| SOFA score on ICU admissiona | 1 (0–3), 400 | 1 (0–3), 52 | 0.75 |
| Use of mechanical ventilation (%) | 191 (12.7%) | 56 (94.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation before HAI | 150 (10.0%) | 25 (42.4%) | < 0.001 |
| Length of mechanical ventilation (days)a | 6 (1–12), 188 | 18 (12–29), 55 | < 0.001 |
| Required proning if on ventilator (%) | 14.6 | 30.4 | 0.007 |
| Required paralytic if on ventilator (%) | 23.5 | 51.8 | 0.001 |
| Required inhaled vasodilators if on ventilator (%) | 6.3 | 17.8 | 0.007 |
| Required tracheostomy if on ventilator (%) | 6.8 | 25.0 | 0.001 |
| Use of vasopressors | |||
| Required norepinephrine (%) | 11.9 | 83.0 | < 0.001 |
| Required vasopressin (%) | 5.5 | 52.5 | < 0.001 |
| Required epinephrine (%) | 2.1 | 13.7 | < 0.001 |
| Required angiotensin 2(%) | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.24 |
| CVL before HAI (%) | 8.1 | 45.8 | < 0.001 |
| Acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis (%) | 1.5 | 22.0 | < 0.001 |
| Acute DVT/PE (%) | 4.2 | 22.0 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: CVL, central venous line; ICU, intensive care unit; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; WBC, white blood cell count; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; INR, international normalized ratio: CRP, C-reactive protein; DVT/PE, deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism.
a
median (interquartile range), number of samples.