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. 2020 Jul 4;11(6):1489–1509. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa072

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

GPR40-positive POMC neurons of the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus inhibiting food intake. A: there are 2 populations of centrally projecting neurons in the arcuate nucleus (light-blue area) that can respond to diverse neuropeptides and free fatty acids: Agrp/Npy and POMC/Cart. Agrp (agouti-related protein) and Npy (neuropeptide Y) stimulate food intake and decrease energy expenditure, whereas POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) and Cart (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) inhibit food intake and increase energy expenditure. Free fatty acids in the blood, insulin/leptin from the pancreas/adipose tissues, and ghrelin from the stomach, altogether regulate Agrp/Npy and POMC/Cart neurons via the corresponding receptors. ⊕ shows activation, whereas ⊖ shows inhibition. (Adapted with permission from reference 193.) B: administration of GPR40-agonist GW9508 activates POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus with the induction of the proto-oncogene c-fos. It is easily suggested that similar GPR40 activation occurs in POMC neurons in response to fatty acids in the blood. (Adapted with permission from reference 194.) Ghsr, growth hormone secretagogue receptor; GPR40, G-protein coupled receptor 40; Lepr, leptin receptor; Mc3r/Mc4r, melanocortin 3/4 receptor; Y1r, neuropeptide Y1 receptor.