TABLE 2.
Summary of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating association between total vegetable and fruit consumption and genital and urinary cancer prognosis1
| Cancer site | Outcome n (cases) | Follow-up (years) | Gender age (years) | Dietary assessment | Exposure categorization | HR/RR (95% CI) timeframe(2,3) | Adjustments | Author, year (ref.) (country) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ovarian | ACM811 (547) | 5.9 ± 3.8 (mean ± SD) | Female18–79 | FFQ | V: T3 (≥5) vs. T1 (<3) s/d. F: T3 (≥4) vs. T1 (none or <2) s/d | 2 RR : 0.88 (0.68, 1.13)2RR : 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | Age at diagnosis, FIGO stage, amount of residual disease, grade, tumor subtype, smoking status, BMI, physical activity index, marital status, and daily caloric intake | Playdon et al., 2017 (59) (Australia) |
| Ovarian | ACM636 (354)CCSM636 (305) | 17 (max) | Female50–79 | HEI | V: T3 (5) vs. T1 (2.5) points4F: T3 (5) vs. T1 (2.5) points5V: T3 (5) vs. T1 (2.5) points4F: T3 (5) vs. T1 (2.5) points5 | 2 HR: 0.70 (0.47, 1.04)2HR: 0.82 (0.55, 1.21)2HR: 0.76 (0.48, 1.20)2HR: 0.84 (0.54, 1.28) | Age at diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, diabetes, physical activity, total energy intake, waist circumference, family history of ovarian cancer, and clinical trial arms | Thomson et al., 2014 (60) (US) |
| Ovarian | ACM341 (176) | 10 (max) | Female18–74 | FFQ | V: T3 (≥2) vs. T1 (<1) s/d F: T3 (≥2) vs. T1 (<1) s/d. V+F: T3 (≥5) vs. T1 (<3) s/d | 2 HR: 0.66 (0.43, 1.01)2HR: 0.67 (0.44,1 .04)2HR: 0.61 (0.38, 0.98) | Age group, race, stage, grade, residual lesions, smoking status, BMI, oral contraceptive use, parity, and total energy intake | Dolecek et al., 2010 (61) (US) |
| Ovarian | ACM609 (394) | 7.3 (5, 8.3)mean (min, max) | Female18–79 | FFQ | V: T3 (>5.6) vs. T1 (<3.9) s/d F: T3 (>4.5) vs. T1 (<2.8) s/d. | 2 HR: 0.75 (0.57, 0.99)2HR: 0.89 (0.67, 1.18) | FIGO stage, age, grade, total energy intake and BMI | Nagle et al., 2003 (62) (Australia) |
| Prostate | ACM777 (263)CCSM777 (81) | 7.5 (median)5.7 (median) | Male66 (median) | FFQ | V: Q4 (≥203) vs. Q1 (<102) g/d F: Q4 (≥380) vs. Q1 (<152) g/d V (cut-off: 146) + F (cut-off: 247) V: Q4 (≥203) vs. Q1 (<102) g/d F: Q4 (≥380) vs. Q1 (<152) g/d V (cut-off: 146) + F (cut-off: 247) | 2 HR: 0.81 (0.56, 1.16)2HR: 0.63 (0.44, 0.90)2HR: 0.66 (0.47, 0.93)2HR: 0.82 (0.42, 1.58)2HR: 0.78 (0.38, 1.61)2HR: 0.89 (0.48, 1.63) | Area of residence at diagnosis, calendar period, age at diagnosis, years of education, Gleason score, BMI, smoking habits and total energy intake | Taborelli et al., 2017 (50) (Italy) |
| Bladder | First R:728 (241)2389 (144)3Multiple R:728 (391)2389 (221)3 | 3.7 ± 1.5 (mean ± SD) | M/F69 (mean) | FFQ | V: T3 (>2.5) vs. T1 (<1.5) p/d F: T3 (>1.5) vs. T1 (<1) p/d V+F : T3 (>4) vs. T1 (<2.5) p/dV: T3 (>2.5) vs. T1 (<1.5) p/dF: T3 (>1.5) vs. T1 (<1) p/dV+F: T3 (>4) vs. T1 (<2.5) p/d | 2 HR: 1.02 (0.74, 1.41)3HR: 0.77 (0.50, 1.18)2HR: 0.85 (0.63, 1.14)3HR: 1.07 (0.78, 1.47)2HR:1.07 (0.78, 1.47)3HR: 0.65 (0.42, 1.01)2HR: 0.97 (0.86, 1.11)3HR: 0.96 (0.74, 1.09)2HR: 1.05 (0.91, 1.20)3HR: 1.02 (0.87, 1.20)2HR: 1.02 (0.90, 1.15)3HR: 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | Age, sex, smoking status, tumor stage, grade, size, and multiplicity [and additionally adjusted for re-resection of a bladder tumor (second transurethral resection) in the time to multiple recurrences analysis] | Jochems et al., 2018 (51) (UK) |
| Bladder | ACM239 (179)CCSM239 (101) | 8 (mean)6.4 (<1,25.1)median (min, max) | M/Fcategories: <60, 60–70 and >70 | FFQ | V: T3 (>85.5) vs. T1 (<52) s/moF: T3 (>51) vs. T1 (<27.5) s/moV: T3 (>85.5) vs. T1 (<52) s/moF: T3 (>51) vs. T1 (<27.5) s/mo | 2 HR: 0.91 (0.62, 1.36)2HR: 0.91 (0.62, 1.33)2HR: 1.06 (0.63, 1.78)2HR: 1.09 (0.66, 1.81) | Age at diagnosis, total meat intake, pack-years of smoking, tumor stage and radiation therapy | Tang et al., 2010 (38) (US) |
1
Pre- and postdiagnosis dietary vegetables and fruit were not mixed in the meta-analysis. ACM, all-cause mortality; CCSM, cancer cause-specific mortality; F, fruit; FIGO, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; HEI, healthy eating index; M/F, males and females; p/d, portion/day; R, cancer recurrence; ref., reference; RR, risk ratio; s/d, serving/day; s/mo, serving/month; V, vegetables; V+F, vegetables and fruit.
2
Prediagnosis.
3
Postdiagnosis.
4
1.1 compared with 0.6 cup eq/1000 kcal.
5
0.8 compared with 0.4 cup eq/1000 kcal.