Table 1. Altered cardiomyocyte Ca²⁺ homeostasis in different preclinical models of HFpEF.

Model	Hypertrophy without HTN	HTN	DM	CKD	Obese	LVEDP increased/congestion	Rest				Stress			SR Ca	SR Ca leak	Reference
							Basal Ca	CaT amplitude	CaT decay rate		Basal Ca	CaT amplitude	CaT decay rate
Rat: NXT		x		x		x	↔	↔	↓					↓	↑	(39,40)
Rat: ZSF1		x	x	x	x	x	↑	↔	↓							(41)
Rat: SHR		x				x	↑	↔	↓			↔	↔			(42)
Rat: AB		x				x	↑	↑	↓					↑	↑	(43)
Rat: AB		x					↔	↓	↔		↓	↓	↓	↓		(44)
Rat: ZDF		x	x		x	x	↔	↑	↔					↔		(45)
Rat: NXT + DOCA		x		x		x	↔	↔	↔							(46)
Rat: HHR	x					x	↑	↑	↓							(47)
Pig: AB		x				x	↔	↓	↓							(48)
Human: CAB		x				x		↔			↑					(49)

x, clinical condition; ↔, unchanged vs. control; ↑, increased vs. control; ↓, decreased vs. control. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; CaT, Ca²⁺ transient; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; NXT, subtotal nephrectomy; ZDF, Zucker diabetic fatty rat; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat; ZSF1, ZDF crossed with SHR; AB, aortic banding; HHR, hypertrophic heart rat; DOCA, chronic deoxycorticosterone acetate treatment; CAB, coronary artery bypass with HFpEF.