Table 2. Clinical outcomes of the two groups.
| Outcomes | Total (n=234) | Robotic MVP group (n=121) | Thoracoscopic MVP group (n=113) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operative data | ||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 131.3±35.1 | 123.8±34.9 | 153.2±25.6 | <0.001a |
| Aorta clamping time (min) | 91.7±26.7 | 84.9±24.3 | 111.8±23.0 | <0.001a |
| Annuloplasty band Implantation, n (%) | 213 (91.0) | 102 (84.3) | 111 (98.2) | <0.001a |
| Intraoperative blood loss (mL) | 207.2±114.7 | 200.8±120.2 | 212.0±110.7 | 0.503 |
| Transfusion rate (all blood product), n (%) | 137 (58.5) | 78 (64.5) | 59 (52.2) | <0.001a |
| Prosthesis size (mm) | 31.0±1.8 | 30.6±1.7 | 31.5±1.7 | <0.001a |
| ICU time (days) | 3.3±2.6 | 3.6±2.7 | 2.8±2.3 | 0.031a |
| 24-hour drainage volume (mL) | 292.3±329.1 | 336.1±89.2 | 201.8±93.3 | 0.066 |
| Postoperative ventilation time (h) | 13.6±5.3 | 14.6±4.4 | 10.5±6.6 | 0.003a |
| Concurrent procedure, n (%) | ||||
| Atrial septal defect repair | 5 (2.2) | 3 (2.5) | 2 (1.8) | <0.001a |
| Patent foramen ovale ligation | 2 (0.9) | 2 (1.7) | 0 | |
| Atrial myxoma resection | 3 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.8) | |
| Left atrial appendage ligation | 3 (1.3) | 0 | 3 (2.7) | |
| Tricuspid valve procedure | 32 (13.7) | 0 | 32 (33.3) | |
| Complications, n (%) | ||||
| Conversion to sternotomy | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.335 |
| Reoperation for bleeding | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0.302 |
| 30-day death | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.9) | 0.961 |
| Transient neurocognitive dysfunction | 2 (0.9) | 2 (1.7) | 0 | 0.171 |
| Wound infection | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 0.302 |
| Early failure requiring reoperation (<30 days) | 4 (1.7) | 3 (2.5) | 1 (0.9) | 0.349 |
| Pleural effusion with pleurocentesis | 3 (1.3) | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 0.604 |
| Postoperative echocardiography (1 week) | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 60.6±6.9 | 61.9±6.1 | 58.8±7.7 | 0.004 |
| Left atrium diameter (mm) | 34.2±6.2 | 34.0±6.3 | 34.3±6.1 | 0.747 |
| Left ventricular diastolic diameter (mm) | 43.6±5.9 | 43.7±6.3 | 43.5±5.3 | 0.788 |
| Cost ($) | ||||
| Operating room cost | 12,810.2±2,506.3 | 16,514.9±2,278.1 | 7,856.3±2,500.4 | <0.001a |
| Hospital cost | 26,258.8±4,758.6 | 30,813.3±4,178.1 | 17,155.7±4,713.7 | <0.001a |
| Adjusted operating room cost | 14,974.3±2,711.9 | 18,655.1±2,558.3 | 9,038.3±2,171.7 | <0.001a |
| Adjusted hospital cost | 29,731.9±5,811.7 | 35,674.3±4,936.1 | 18,208.4±4,429.1 | <0.001a |
a, P<0.05. MVP, mitral valve plasty.