Table 4.
Characteristics of Elderly Participants and Their Functional Status Based on ADL Subscales
| Factors | BADL Score (15) Mean ±SD |
T/F-Test; P-value |
IADL Score (21) Mean ±SD |
T/F-Test; P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groupa | ||||
| 60–69 years | 5.46±1.17 | F=6.598; 0.001* |
10.6±3.35 | F=39.633; <0.001* |
| 70–79 years | 5.70±1.42 | 12.4 ± 3.81 | ||
| ≥80 years | 6.48±1.73 | 17.2±3.69 | ||
| Difficulties in driving, watching TV or reading because of poor eyesightb | ||||
| Yes | 6.09±1.63 | T=3.684; <0.001* |
14.1±4.15 | T=6.075; <0.001* |
| No | 5.33±1.00 | 10.5±3.59 | ||
| Used of hearing aidsb | ||||
| Yes | 5.84±1.69 | T=0.584; 0.715 |
13.3±4.38 | T=1.451; 0.145 |
| No | 5.68±1.34 | 12.1±4.25 | ||
| Having problems with memoryb | ||||
| Yes | 6.44±1.93 | T=4.767; <0.001* |
14.1±4.26 | T=3.682; <0.001* |
| No | 5.39±0.94 | 11.5±4.08 | ||
| Often feeling sad or depressedb | ||||
| Yes | 5.93±1.61 | T=1.522; 0.108 |
12.5±3.70 | T=0.370; 0.453 |
| No | 5.59±1.27 | 12.2±4.60 | ||
| Unintentionally lost weight in the last six monthsb | ||||
| Yes | 6.31±1.78 | T=2.335; 0.008* |
13.4±4.05 | T=1.436; 0.140 |
| No | 5.61±1.31 | 12.1±4.29 | ||
| Having trouble with control of bladderb | ||||
| Yes | 6.16±1.66 | T=2.986; 0.001* |
14.5±4.08 | T=5.147; <0.001* |
| No | 5.49±1.20 | 11.2±3.94 | ||
| Having trouble with control of bowelsb | ||||
| Yes | 6.00±1.76 | T=0.993; 0.828 |
13.7±4.38 | T=1.522; 0.135 |
| No | 5.66±1.34 | 12.2±4.26 | ||
| Frequency of falls experienced in the past yeara | ||||
| None | 5.32±0.96 | F=15.560; <0.001* |
10.6±3.69 | F=24.168; <0.001* |
| Once | 5.77±1.31 | 14.3±4.01 | ||
| Two times or more | 6.77±2.03 | 15.1±3.86 | ||
| Drinking alcoholb | ||||
| Yes | 5.47±1.06 | T=−0.818; 0.395 |
8.53±2.64 | T=−3.912; <0.001* |
| No | 5.79±1.49 | 12.9±4.31 | ||
| Frequency of alcohol consumption/weeka | ||||
| None | 5.79±1.49 | F=0.546; 0.641 |
12.9±4.31 | F=7.837; <0.001* |
| <10 times/week | 5.67±1.32 | 9.11±3.22 | ||
| ≥10 times/week | 5.17±0.41 | 7.67±1.21 | ||
| Do you live with anyone?b | ||||
| Yes | 5.73±1.46 | T=0.215; 0.378 |
12.6±4.33 | T=2.362; 0.021* |
| No | 5.64±0.92 | 9.45±3.08 | ||
| If yes, who?a | ||||
| Spouse | 5.34±1.16 | F=3.161; 0.004* |
10.9±3.60 | F=5.572; 0.002* |
| Child | 6.20±1.71 | 14.3±3.94 | ||
| Other | 5.00±0.00 | 10.5±0.71 | ||
| Relative | 5.74±1.39 | 12.6±4.77 | ||
| Who would help you with health care decisions if you were not able to communicate your wishes? b | ||||
| Spouse | 5.88±1.58 | T=0.787; 0.493 |
13.1±4.42 | T=1.933; 0.027* |
| Child | 5.00±0.00 | 7.00±0.00 | ||
| How many medicines do you take, including prescribed, over the counter and vitamins?a | ||||
| None | 5.21±0.86 | F=6.140; <0.001* |
9.42±3.58 | F=13.477; <0.001* |
| 1–2 | 5.51±1.15 | 12.8±3.99 | ||
| >2 | 6.12±1.65 | 13.8±4.19 | ||
| What is your system for taking your medications?a | ||||
| Pill box | 5.30±0.79 | F=12.320; <0.001* |
10.6±2.83 | F=48.581; <0.001* |
| Family help | 6.54±1.86 | 16.6±2.76 | ||
| List or chart | 5.00±0.00 | 9.45±3.59 | ||
| None | 8.00±0 | 16.0±0 | ||
| Are you sexually active?b | ||||
| Yes | 5.07±0.40 | T=−5.239; <0.001* |
9.45±2.60 | T=−8.887; <0.001* |
| No | 6.16±1.66 | 14.4±4.01 | ||
| Has anyone intentionally tried to harm you?b | ||||
| Yes | 5.69±1.40 | T=−0.077; 0.864 |
10.8±2.83 | T=−1.479; 0.232 |
| No | 5.72±1.41 | 12.5±4.38 | ||
| Have you had a shot to prevent pneumonia?b | ||||
| Yes | 5.56±1.16 | T=−0.759; 0.577 |
11.7±4.36 | T=−0.891; 0.330 |
| No | 5.76±1.46 | 12.5±4.27 | ||
| Dementia screeningb | ||||
| Positive | 5.88±1.73 | T=0.523; 0.817 |
12.7±4.79 | T=0.377; 0.856 |
| Negative | 5.69±1.37 | 12.3±4.23 | ||
| Self-rated health statusa | ||||
| Excellent | 5.05±0.21 | F=7.974; <0.001* |
9.32±3.30 | F=16.273; <0.001* |
| Very good | 5.20±0.78 | 10.3±3.42 | ||
| Good | 5.78±1.46 | 13.7±3.78 | ||
| Fair | 6.60±1.65 | 15.6±4.05 | ||
| Poor | 5.50±0.71 | 17.5±0.71 | ||
| Self-rated body paina | F=5.782; <0.001* |
F=20.830; <0.001* |
||
| None | 5.00±0.00 | 8.33±2.03 | ||
| Very mild | 5.26±0.86 | 10.6±3.28 | ||
| Mild | 5.68±1.32 | 13.0±3.77 | ||
| Moderate | 6.23±1.65 | 15.3±3.99 | ||
| Severe | 6.43±1.81 | 16.3±4.03 |
Notes: aP-value has been calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test. bP-value has been calculated using Mann–Whitney U-test; *Significant at p<0.05 level.
Abbreviations: ADL, activities for daily living; BADL, basic activities for daily living; IADL, instrumental activities for daily living.