TABLE A1.
Measurement items.
| Constructs | Items | Sources |
| Attitude toward Social media | I feel that the use of social media is beneficial for learning. | Christou, 2014; Zhang et al., 2015; Balakrishnan and Gan, 2016 |
| Social media has made a positive contribution toward society. | ||
| Social media allows me to get work done faster. | ||
| I feel that social media has allowed me to keep in touch with many people. | ||
| I enjoy using social media for instant messaging or other types of real-time communication. | ||
| I enjoy using social media to pass time and/or to have fun. | ||
| I feel that social media improves my productivity. | ||
| I enjoy browsing (surfing) websites without any specific purpose. | ||
| Extraversion | I am talkative. | McCrae and Costa, 2004; Clemens et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2016; Choi and Shin, 2017; Xiao and Mou, 2019 |
| I generate a lot of enthusiasm. | ||
| I am socially outgoing. | ||
| I have an assertive personality. | ||
| I am full of energy. | ||
| Agreeableness | I am helpful and unselfish with others. | |
| I like to cooperate with others. | ||
| I am considerate and kind to almost everyone. | ||
| I have a forgiving nature. | ||
| Openness to Experience | I have an active imagination. | |
| I am inventive. | ||
| I am original and come up with new ideas. | ||
| I like to reflect on and play with ideas. | ||
| Neuroticism | I worry a lot. | |
| I can be tense. | ||
| I get nervous easily. | ||
| I can be moody. | ||
| I am depressed or sad. | ||
| Conscientiousness | I do things efficiently. | |
| I do a thorough job. | ||
| I make plans and follow through with them. | ||
| I persevere until the task is finished. | ||
| Immersion | I was able to block out most other distractions during this interaction with social media. | Jennett et al., 2008; Grinberg et al., 2014; Burns and Fairclough, 2015 |
| I was absorbed in what I was doing during this interaction with social media. | ||
| I got distracted very easily during this interaction with social media. | ||
| I became immersed in this specific interaction during this interaction with social media. | ||
| My attention did not get diverted during this interaction with social media. | ||
| Time seemed to fly during this interaction with social media. |