Table 4.
Parameter estimates for the path model (illustrated in Figure 1) fitted to the total sample and two distinct subsamples distinguished based on age of mothers' youngest child (multi-sample: same pattern).
| Parameter estimated | Total sample | Group A 0–24 months | Group B 25+ months | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlations | σ | p | σ | p | σ | p |
| Pat Inv ↔ Young Child | –0.10 | 0.03 | −0.00 | 0.47 | −0.06 | 0.07 |
| Pat Inv ↔ Income | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.23 |
| Young Child ↔ Income | 0.04 | 0.10 | −0.05 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| Dyad Adj ↔ Copar Alli | 0.37 | <0.0001 | 0.27 | <0.0001 | 0.46 | <0.0001 |
| Par Dist ↔ Dysf Int | 0.33 | <0.0001 | 0.32 | <0.0001 | 0.33 | <0.0001 |
| Par Dist ↔ Diff Child | 0.29 | <0.0001 | 0.32 | <0.0001 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
| Par Dist ↔ Depress | 0.43 | <0.0001 | 0.40 | <0.0001 | 0.46 | <0.0001 |
| Dysf Int ↔ Diff Child | 0.59 | <0.0001 | 0.58 | <0.0001 | 0.61 | <0.0001 |
| Dysf Int ↔ Depress | 0.26 | <0.0001 | 0.27 | <0.0001 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
| Diff Child ↔ Depress | 0.26 | <0.0001 | 0.28 | <0.0001 | 0.23 | <0.01 |
| Regression weights | β | p | β | p | β | p |
| Pat Inv → Dyad Adj | 0.46 | <0.0001 | 0.47 | <0.0001 | 0.40 | <0.0001 |
| Pat Inv → Copar Alli | 0.59 | <0.0001 | 0.62 | <0.0001 | 0.54 | <0.0001 |
| Dyad Adj → Par Dist | −0.21 | <0.001 | −0.22 | <0.0001 | −0.20 | <0.01 |
| Dyad Adj → Depress | −0.25 | <0.0001 | −0.33 | <0.0001 | −0.20 | <0.01 |
| Copar Alli → Par Dist | −0.33 | <0.0001 | −0.35 | <0.0001 | −0.33 | <0.001 |
| Copar Alli → Dysf Int | −0.25 | <0.0001 | −0.26 | <0.0001 | −0.23 | <0.001 |
| Copar Alli → Diff Child | −0.30 | <0.0001 | −0.23 | <0.0001 | −0.41 | <0.0001 |
| Copar Alli → Depress | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.18 | −0.23 | <0.01 |
| Variance explained (R2) | ||||||
| Dyad Adj | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.12 | |||
| Copar Alli | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.26 | |||
| Par Dist | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.06 | |||
| Dysf Int | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |||
| Diff Child | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | |||
| Depress | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |||
| Indirect effects of Pat Inv | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | |||
| → Dyad Adj → Par Dist | −0.14 | (−0.18; −0.09) | −0.17 | (−0.23; −0.10) | −0.11 | (−0.17; −0.05) |
| → Dyad Adj → Depress | −0.13 | (−0.18; −0.08) | −0.17 | (−0.25; −0.08) | −0.09 | (−0.16; −0.03) |
| → Copar Alli → Par Dist | −0.22 | (−0.28; −0.16) | −0.29 | (−0.38; −0.20) | −0.19 | (−0.29; −0.10) |
| → Copar Alli → Dysf Int | −0.14 | (−0.21; −0.08) | −0.20 | (−0.29; −0.11) | −0.14 | (−0.26; −0.03) |
| → Copar Alli → Diff Child | −0.18 | (−0.25; −0.11) | −0.19 | (−0.29; −0.09) | −0.22 | (−0.34; −0.11) |
| → Copar Alli → Depress | −0.13 | (−0.20; −0.07) | −0.14 | (−0.25; −0.05) | −0.17 | (−0.27; −0.07) |
Group A = Mothers whose youngest child is aged 0–24 months. Group B = Mothers whose youngest child is aged 25+ months. Pat Inv = Perceived Paternal involvement. Young Child = Age of youngest child. Income = Household income. Par Dist = Parental distress. Dysf Int = Parent-child dysfunctional interactions. Diff Child = Difficult child. Depress = Depression. Dyad Adj = Dyadic adjustment. Copar Alli = Coparenting Alliance. 95% CI = bias corrected bootstrapped 95% confidence interval. Parameter estimates in bold can be deemed different from zero (p < 0.05).