Table 2. The surgical outcomes and postoperative factors between the combined and traditional approaches for MIPD.

Variables	Combined approach, n=138	Traditional approach, n=65	P value
Total operative time (min)	345.4±51.9	410.8±73.11	<0.0001
Resection time (min)	122.7±20.9	178.2±43.2	<0.0001
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	153.2±54.5	242.7±186.4	<0.0001
Conversions, n (%)	3 (2.2%)	5 (7.7%)	0.1137
Harvested lymph node, n	15.7±3.2	14.95±2.5	0.1010
Postoperative hospital stay (days)	13.5±5.1	15.2±6.0	0.0373
Postoperative complications, n (%)
Pancreatic fistula	17 (12.3%)	8 (13.8%)	0.7385
Grade B	15 (10.9%)	7 (10.8%)
Grade C	2 (1.4%)	2 (3.1%)
Bile leakage	2 (1.4%)	3 (4.6%)	0.3300
Delayed gastric emptying	6 (3.8%)	2 (3.1%)	1.0000
Postoperative bleeding	5 (3.6%)	2 (3.1%)	1.0000
Reoperation	3 (1.9%)	2 (3.1%)	0.6561

MIPD, minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy.