Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Ref. no | Author/year/country | Sample | Detection method | No. with a mutation/total no. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAS | PAX8/PPARγ | NRAS | HRAS | KRAS | Any RAS | PAX8/PPARγ | ||||
| (6) | Fukahori/2012/Japan | FFPE | DS, Others | 23/58 | 5/58 | 5/58 | 33/58 | |||
| (10) | Vuong/2016/Japan and Vietnam | FFPE | DS | 17/51, 4/23 | 0/51, 0/23 | 0/51, 0/23 | 17/51, 4/23 | |||
| (16) | Hibi/2004/Japan | FFPE, Frozen | RT-PCR, FISH | 0/6 | ||||||
| (17) | Mochizuki/2015/Japan | FFPE | RT-PCR | 1/21 | ||||||
| (21) | Bandoh/2018/Japan | FFPE | NGS | 0/9 | 0/9 | 0/9 | ||||
| (22) | Fukushima/2003/Japan | ND | DS | 4/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 4/8 | |||
| (23) | Kaihara/1994/Japan | Frozen | DS, others | 2/7 | 2/7 | |||||
| (24) | Oishi/2016/Japan | FFPE | DS, others | 9/35 | 9/35 | |||||
| (25) | Oyama/1995/Japan | FFPE | DS | 3/6 | 0/6 | 3/6 | ||||
| (26) | Vuong/2017/Japan | FFPE | DS | RT-PCR | 5/41 | 0/41 | 0/41 | 5/41 | 0/39 | |
| (5) | Yoo/2016/Korea | Frozen | NGS | NGS | 6/27 | 6/27 | 3/27 | 15/27 | 1/27 | |
| (27) | Bae/2014/Korea | FFPE | PS | 2/13 | 2/13 | |||||
| (28) | Kim/2012/Korea | FFPE | DS | FISH | 8/37 | 2/37 | 1/37 | 11/37 | 3/31 | |
| (29) | Jang/2016/Korea | FFPE | DS | 5/10 | 5/10 | |||||
| (30) | Jeong/2015/Korea | FFPE | PS | 8/39 | 4/39 | 9/39 | 21/39 | |||
| (31) | Jung/2018/Korea | FFPE | DS | 9/40 | 7/40 | 2/40 | 18/40 | |||
| (32) | Jung/2016/Korea | Frozen | NGS | 4/13 | 1/13 | 0/13 | 5/13 | |||
| (33) | Song/2017/Korea | FFPE | DS | FISH | 14/67 | 1/67 | 1/67 | 16/67 | 1/48 | |
| (34) | Duan/2019/China | FFPE | NGS | NGS | 10/53 | 4/53 | 3/53 | 17/53 | 1/53 | |
| (35) | Chia/2010/Malaysia | FFPE | FISH | 2/18 | ||||||
| (36) | Liu/2004/Taiwan | Frozen | DS | 1/8 | 1/8 | 1/8 | 3/8 | |||
| (37) | Khan/2013/India | Frozen | DS | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | 0/8 | |||
| (38) | Schulten/2013/Saudi Arabia | FFPE, Frozen | DS | 1/10 | 1/10 | 0/10 | 2/10 | |||
| (39) | Bouras/1998/France | Frozen | Others | 1/6 | 0/6 | 0/6 | 1/6 | |||
| (40) | Bouras/1995/France | Frozen | Others | 0/5 | 0/5 | |||||
| (41) | Cristofaro/2006/France | Frozen | DS | RT-PCR | 8/21 | 8/21 | 9/21 | |||
| (42) | Lacroix/2005/France | Frozen | RT-PCR | 4/23 | ||||||
| (43) | Eszlinger/2017/Germany | FNA | PS | qPCR | 1/12 | 0/12 | 0/12 | 1/12 | 0/12 | |
| (44) | Klemke/2012/Germany | FFPE | RT-PCR, FISH | 2/21 | ||||||
| (45) | Karger/2005/Germany | Frozen | qPCR | 0/7 | ||||||
| (46) | Basolo/2000/Italy | FFPE | Others | 2/5 | 2/5 | |||||
| (47) | Censi/2017/Italy | FNA | DS | 3/29 | 1/29 | 0/29 | 4/29 | |||
| (48) | Eszlinger/2015/Italy | FNA | PS | 7/21 | 3/21 | 0/21 | 10/21 | |||
| (49) | Guerra/2014/Italy | FNA | PS | 5/21 | 3/21 | 8/21 | ||||
| (50) | Manenti/1994/Italy | FFPE, Frozen | DS, others | 2/21 | 3/21 | 0/21 | 5/21 | |||
| (51) | Poma/2018/Italy | FFPE | DS | RT-PCR | 5/20 | 0/20 | 1/20 | 6/20 | 1/20 | |
| (52) | Proietti/2013/Italy | FFPE | DS | qPCR | 10/29 | 1/29 | 1/29 | 12/29 | 1/29 | |
| (53) | Banito/2007/Portugal | FFPE, Frozen | DS | qPCR, FISH | 2/25 | 1/25 | 0/25 | 3/25 | 7/17 | |
| (54) | Marques/2004/Portugal | Frozen | qPCR, FISH | 6/24 | ||||||
| (55) | Borowczyk/2019/Poland | FFPE | NGS | 2/35 | 6/35 | 0/35 | 8/35 | |||
| (56) | Swierniak/2016/Poland | Frozen | NGS | NGS | 0/20 | 0/20 | 2/20 | 2/20 | 0/20 | |
| (57) | Esapa/1999/UK | FFPE, Frozen | DS, others | 4/9 | 0/9 | 0/9 | 4/9 | |||
| (58) | Lemoine/1989/UK | FFPE | Others | 1/10 | 3/10 | 0/10 | 4/10 | |||
| (59) | Capella/1996/Spain | FFPE | Others | 2/10 | 0/10 | 0/10 | 2/10 | |||
| (60) | Duman/2014/Turkey | FFPE | NGS | 0/13 | 0/13 | |||||
| (61) | Sahpaz/2015/Turkey | FFPE | qPCR | 3/9 | ||||||
| (62) | Pauzar/2012/Croatia | FFPE | RT-PCR | 7/18 | ||||||
| (63) | Eszlinger/2014/Denmark | FFPE, FNA | qPCR | qPCR | 3/24 | 1/24 | 0/24 | 4/24 | 3/24 | |
| (64) | Ferraz/2012/Denmark | FFPE, FNA | qPCR | 4/20 | ||||||
| (11) | Shi/1991/Hungary and Canada | FFPE | Others | 1/6, 0/10 | 2/6, 1/10 | 0/6, 0/10 | 3/6, 1/10 | |||
| (65) | Celestino/2012/Norway | FFPE, Frozen | DS | RT-PCR, FISH | 2/7 | 1/7 | 3/7 | 0/7 | ||
| (66) | Dwight/2003/Sweden | Frozen | RT-PCR, FISH | 10/34 | ||||||
| (15) | Boos/2013/Switzerland | FFPE | FISH | 5/31 | ||||||
| (67) | Apple/1998/USA | FFPE | Others | 0/10 | 0/10 | |||||
| (68) | Giordano/2014/USA | FFPE | Others | 3/17 | 5/17 | |||||
| (69) | Karga/1991/USA | FFPE | Others | 2/14 | 0/14 | 0/14 | 2/14 | |||
| (70) | Liu/2008/USA | FFPE | DS | 13/64 | ||||||
| (71) | Mostoufi/2018/USA | FFPE | Others | 0/6 | 1/6 | 1/6 | 2/6 | 0/6 | ||
| (72) | Nikiforov/2011/USA | FNA | NGS | 4/11 | 1/11 | |||||
| (73) | Nikiforov/2009/USA | FNA | DS | RT-PCR | 2/6 | 1/6 | ||||
| (74) | Nikiforova/2003/USA | FFPE, Frozen | Others | RT-PCR, FISH | 14/33 | 3/33 | 0/33 | 17/33 | 13/33 | |
| (75) | Nikiforova/2013/USA | FFPE, Frozen | NGS | 9/18 | 0/18 | 1/18 | 10/18 | |||
| (76) | Nikita/2016/USA | FFPE | DS | RT-PCR | 1/5 | 0/5 | 0/5 | 1/5 | 1/5 | |
| (77) | Yip/2015/USA | FNA | NGS | NGS | 3/10 | 0/10 | ||||
| (78) | Aldred/2003/USA | ND | RT-PCR | 2/19 | ||||||
| (79) | Algeciras/2010/USA | FFPE | RT-PCR | 13/21 | ||||||
| (80) | Giordano/2006/USA | FFPE | RT-PCR | 7/13 | ||||||
| (81) | Kroll/2000/USA | ND | RT-PCR | 5/8 | ||||||
| (82) | Cerutti/2004/Brazil | FFPE | RT-PCR | 4/13 | ||||||
| (83) | Mond/2014/Australia | FFPE, Frozen | DS | RT-PCR | 5/27 | 3/27 | 0/27 | 8/27 | 1/9 | |
| (84) | Cheung/2003/Australia | Frozen | RT-PCR | 6/13 | ||||||
FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; FNA, fine needle aspiration; NGS, next generation sequencing; DS, direct sequencing; PS, pyrosequencing; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR; qPCR, quantitative PCR; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization.