Table 4.

Subgroup Analysis of Clinical Manifestations Between Patients Who Survived and Those Who Died

Clinical Manifestations	Survived (n = 158)	Died (n = 5)	p-value*
Number (%) male to female	88:70 (55.7:44.3)	3:2 (60:40)	1.00
Age in years, mean ± SD (min-max)	40.7 ± 22.1(2–86)	60 ± 16.9(47–88)	0.056
Number (%) of age in years			0.496
Less than 5 years	18(11.4)	0
6–12 years	2 (1.3)	0
13–19 years	7 (4.4)	0
20–39 years	43(27.2)	0
40–59 years	54(34.2)	3 (60)
More than 60 years	34 (21.5)	2 (40)
Time to hospital in hours, median (min-max); data available for 160 patients	1 (0.17–72) n = 156	4 (1–8) n = 4	0.064
Estimated ingestion amount in grams, median (min-max); data available for 68 patients	2.5 (0.1–30) n = 65	40 (14–87.5) n = 3	0.004**
Number (%) of initial signs and symptomsa
Gastrointestinal:	98 (62.0)	2 (40)	0.376
Nausea/vomiting	84 (53.2)	2 (40)	0.668
Abdominal pain	33 (20.9)	0	0.584
Burning sensation in    throat	11 (7.0)	1 (20)	0.321
Cardiovascular:	13 (8.2)	3 (60)	0.007**
Tachycardia	3 (1.9)	3 (60)	<0.001**
Bradycardia	1 (0.6)	0 (0)	1.000
Hypertension	8 (5.1)	1 (20)	0.250
Hypotension	2 (1.3)	1 (20)	0.090
Cardiac arrest	0	1 (20)	0.031**
Central nervous system:	5 (3.2)	3 (60)	0.001**
Dizziness	20 (12.7)	1 (20)	0.503
Drowsiness	5 (3.2)	1 (20)	0.173
Headache	4 (2.5)	0	1.000
Coma	0	1 (20)	0.031**
Respiratory:
Dyspnea	0	2 (40)	0.001**
Other:
Muscle twitchingb	2 (1.3)	0	1.000
Diaphoresis	4 (2.5)	2 (40)	0.011**
Salivation	6 (3.8)	0 (0)	1.000
Paresthesiab	3 (1.9)	0 (0)	1.000

Notes: ^aData from all routes of exposure. ^bSymptoms occurred only after dermal or inhalational exposures. * Comparisons between-group were performed by Student’s t-test if the data were normally distributed and by the Mann–Whitney U-test if they were not normally distributed. Differences in categorical variables were evaluated by chi-squared analysis and Fisher’s exact test. ** Statistically significant.