Table 4. Etiology of palf in developing countries.
| Etiology | <1-year-old (n=61) | Mean | 95% credible interval | Etiology* | 1–21 years old (n=562) | Mean | 95% credible interval | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
| Unspecified infection | 24 | 39.3 | 27.6 | 51.8 | Hepatiti A | 182 | 32.4 | 28.6 | 36.3 |
| Cytomegalovirus | 8 | 13.1 | 5.94 | 22.6 | Indeterminate | 101 | 18 | 14.9 | 21.2 |
| Metabolic disorder | 3 | 4.92 | 1.04 | 11.5 | Unspecified infection | 84 | 14.9 | 12.1 | 18 |
| Hemochromatosis | 2 | 3.28 | 0.406 | 8.94 | Autoimmune disorder | 20 | 3.56 | 2.19 | 5.24 |
| Galactosemia | 2 | 3.28 | 0.406 | 8.94 | Unspecified toxin | 19 | 3.38 | 2.05 | 5.02 |
| Congenital hypopituitarism | 2 | 3.28 | 0.406 | 8.94 | Acetaminophen toxicity | 18 | 3.2 | 1.91 | 4.81 |
| Herpes simplex virus | 1 | 1.64 | 0.0422 | 5.96 | Mushroom toxicity | 14 | 2.49 | 1.37 | 3.93 |
| Klebsiella | 1 | 1.64 | 0.0422 | 5.96 | Albendazole toxicity | 11 | 1.96 | 0.983 | 3.25 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis | 1 | 1.64 | 0.0422 | 5.96 | Non-A-G hepatitis | 9 | 1.6 | 0.736 | 2.79 |
| Fructose intolerance | 1 | 1.64 | 0.0422 | 5.96 | Epstein barr virus | 7 | 1.25 | 0.503 | 2.31 |
| Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency | 1 | 1.64 | 0.0422 | 5.96 | Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | 6 | 1.07 | 0.393 | 2.07 |
PALF: pediatric acute liver failure.
*Etiologies of PALF in children >1 year old that accounted for less than 1% of the diagnoses include: Hepatitis B, Galactosemia, Fatty acid oxidation defect, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase i deficiency, Isoniazid toxicity, Hepatitis C, Herpes simplex virus, Phosphorous ingestion, Firework ingestion, Ischemia/hypoxia, Cardiomyopathy, Hepatitis E, Hepatitis A+Hepatitis B co-infection, Non-ABC hepatitis, Adenovirus, Dengue virus, Salmonella, Wilson's disease+Hepatitis A, Wilson's disease+Hepatitis E, Hemochromatosis, Niemann pick disease, Wolman's syndrome, Alpers syndrome, Unspecified metabolic disorder, Valproate toxicity, Reye's syndrome, Fluconazole toxicity, Indomethacin toxicity, Isoflurane+Leflunomide toxicity, Meropenem+Isoniazid+Rifampin+Pyrazinamide toxicity, Diphenylhydantoin/phenytoin toxicity, and Non-hodgkin lymphoma.