Table 5. Etiology of palf in developed countries.
| Etiology | <1-year-old (n=93) | Mean | 95% credible interval | Etiology* | 1–22 years old (n=281) | Mean | 95% credible interval | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
| Metabolic disorder | 16 | 17.2 | 10.3 | 25.5 | Indeterminate | 80 | 28.5 | 23.4 | 33.9 |
| Indeterminate | 14 | 15.1 | 8.58 | 23.0 | Non-A-B-C hepatitis | 23 | 8.19 | 5.28 | 11.7 |
| Ischemia | 13 | 14 | 7.74 | 21.7 | Acetaminophen toxicity | 22 | 7.83 | 4.99 | 11.2 |
| Hemochromatosis | 12 | 12 | 6.93 | 20.4 | Autoimmune disorder | 21 | 7.47 | 4.7 | 10.8 |
| Herpes simplex virus | 9 | 9.68 | 4.57 | 16.4 | Wilson's disease | 18 | 6.41 | 3.85 | 9.54 |
| Hypoxia | 8 | 8.6 | 3.83 | 15.1 | Unspecified toxin | 18 | 6.41 | 3.85 | 9.54 |
| Hepatitis E | 5 | 5.38 | 1.79 | 10.8 | Metabolic disorder | 17 | 6.05 | 3.58 | 9.11 |
| Enterovirus | 4 | 4.3 | 1.2 | 9.23 | Hepatitis A | 13 | 4.63 | 2.49 | 7.37 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | 3 | 3.23 | 0.678 | 7.63 | Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | 8 | 2.85 | 1.24 | 5.08 |
| Cytomegalovirus | 2 | 2.15 | 0.264 | 5.91 | Mushroom toxicity | 8 | 2.85 | 1.24 | 5.08 |
| Galactosemia | 2 | 2.15 | 0.264 | 5.91 | Autoimmune hepatitis type 1 | 7 | 2.49 | 1.01 | 4.61 |
| Mitochondrial respiratory deficiency | 2 | 2.15 | 0.264 | 5.91 | Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 | 7 | 2.49 | 1.101 | 4.61 |
| Myelodysplastic syndrome | 2 | 2.15 | 0.264 | 5.91 | Hepatitis B | 3 | 1.07 | 0.222 | 2.56 |
| Gestational alloimmune liver disease | 1 | 1.08 | 3.93 | 0.028 | Parvovirus B19 | 3 | 1.07 | 0.222 | 2.56 |
| Influenza | 3 | 1.07 | 0.222 | 2.56 | |||||
| Veno-occlusive disease | 3 | 1.07 | 0.222 | 2.56 | |||||
PALF: pediatric acute liver failure.
Etiologies of PALF in children >1-year-old that accounted for less than 1% of the diagnoses include: Unspecified infection, Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, Hyperornithinemia- hyperammonemia-homocitrullinemia syndrome, Isoniazid toxicity, Mitochondrial disorder, Hodgkins lymphoma, Herpes simplex virus, Human herpes virus-6, Epstein-barr virus, Echovirus, Parainfluenza, Hemochromatosis, Galactosemia, Glycogen storage disease, Fatty acid oxidation disorder, Valproate toxicity, Lamotrigine toxicity, Carbamazepine toxicity, Non-steroidal inflammatory drug toxicity, Mitochondrial respiratory deficiency, Reye's syndrome.