Table 3.

Post-hoc ANCOVA results of the MDers and non-MDers' differences in worsened psychosocial indicators due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

	MDers (n = 838)		Non-MDers (n = 666)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	F(1, 1499)*	p	95%CI	d
Ability to concentrate	−3.41	4.35	−1.28	4.42	45.14	<0.001	−2.21— −1.21	0.49
Life satisfaction	−3.28	4.64	−1.28	4.66	22.36	<0.001	−1.80— −0.75	0.43
Future worries	−2.19	5.97	−0.12	5.05	53.08	<0.001	−2.99— −1.72	0.37
Obsessions	−1.64	4.45	0	3.18	54.47	<0.001	−2.15— −1.25	0.42
Compulsive habits	−1.43	4.09	−0.55	3.28	19.95	<0.001	−1.31— −0.45	0.24
Social anxiety	−0.88	5.12	−0.31	4.28	5.23	0.019	−1.20— −0.11	0.12
Loneliness	−1.98	5.60	−1.05	4.74	5.09	0.024	−1.29— −0.09	0.18
Depression	−2.18	4.76	−0.32	3.97	40.07	<0.001	−2.14— −1.13	0.42
Boredom	−1.75	5.66	−0.09	5.03	22.35	<0.001	−2.10— −0.87	0.31
Mental exhaustion	−2.44	5.79	−0.42	4.36	46.92	<0.001	−2.67— −1.48	0.39
Anger	−0.93	4.21	−0.26	3.83	7.99	0.005	−1.13— −0.20	0.17
Emptiness	−2.16	5.24	−0.27	4.27	36.19	<0.001	−2.25— −1.14	0.40
Happiness	−1.79	4.19	−0.40	3.85	24.39	<0.001	−1.63— −0.70	0.35
Self-worth	−2.36	4.69	0.27	4.10	69.13	<0.001	−2.66— −1.64	0.60
Household chores' Maintenance ability	−1.38	4.92	1.82	4.22	110.58	<0.001	−3.35— −2.30	0.70

ANCOVA controlled for age, gender, and education; MDer, Maladaptive Daydreamer; p, p-value; CI, Confidence interval of the difference; d, Cohen's d; each indicator was measured on a scale ranging from minus 10 to plus 10, with zero indicating the situation before the outbreak of the COVD-19 pandemic;

^*there were 1,509 valid list wise cases used by MANCOVA and post-hoc ANCOVAs, 34 and 27 list wise missing cases in the MDer and non-MDer groups, respectively; the distribution mode for each of the variables in the non-MDers group is zero.