TABLE 3.

Standardized path coefficients for the ARCL model with the singular CMU factors.

	Estimate	SE	p-value
ST T1 → FA T2	−0.00	0.09	0.974
MREG T1 → FA T2	−0.12	0.07	0.111
BTV T1 → FA T2	−01	0.08	0.106
PMU T1 → FA T2	0.07	0.06	0.273
SUPP → FA T2	−0.05	0.07	0.455
UNSUPP → FA T2	−0.07	0.07	0.315
FA T1 → FA T2	0.48	0.06	0.000
Maternal education → FA T2	0.08	0.07	0.220
Child sex → FA T2	0.04	0.07	0.542
ST T1 → ST T2	0.43	0.03	0.000
MREG T1 → ST T2	−0.03	0.03	0.702
BTV T1 → ST T2	0.17	0.04	0.037
PMU T1 → ST T2	−0.07	0.04	0.295
SUPP → ST T2	−0.03	0.03	0.649
UNSUPP → ST T2	0.07	0.03	0.322
FA T1 → ST T2	−0.01	0.03	0.850
Maternal education → ST T2	0.04	0.03	0.898
Child sex → ST T2	0.04	0.07	0.542
ST T1 → MREG T2	0.08	0.08	0.280
MREG T1 → MREG T2	0.56	0.06	0.000
BTV T1 → MREG T2	0.01	0.07	0.802
PMU T1 → MREG T2	−0.11	0.06	0.061
SUPP → MREG T2	0.08	0.06	0.205
UNSUPP → MREG T2	0.02	0.06	0.690
FA T1 → MREG T2	−0.11	0.06	0.008
Maternal education → MREG T2	−0.23	0.06	0.000
Child sex → MREG T2	0.08	0.06	0.192
ST T1 → BTV T2	0.04	0.08	0.617
MREG T1 →BTV T2	0.00	0.07	0.967
BTV T1 → BTV T2	0.59	0.06	0.000
PMU T1 → BTV T2	0.09	0.06	0.132
SUPP → BTV T2	0.17	0.06	0.007
UNSUPP → BTV T2	−0.01	0.06	0.852
FA T1 → BTV T2	0.02	0.06	0.726
Maternal education → BTV T2	−0.14	0.06	0.036
Child sex → BTV T2	0.01	0.06	0.856
ST T1 → PMU T2	0.16	0.08	0.059
MREG T1 → PMU T2	0.00	0.07	0.992
BTV T1 → PMU T2	−0.02	0.07	0.717
PMU T1 → PMU T2	0.57	0.05	0.000
SUPP → PMU T2	0.05	0.07	0.413
UNSUPP → PMU T2	−0.02	0.07	0.765
FA T1 → PMU T2	−0.05	0.07	0.437
Maternal education → BTV T2	0.05	0.07	0.462
Child sex → BTV T2	−0.02	0.06	0.774
ST T2 → FA T3	−0.08	0.08	0.333
MREG T2 → FA T3	−0.03	0.08	0.703
BTV T2 → FA T3	0.04	0.08	0.591
PMU T2 → FA T3	−0.03	0.08	0.663
FA T2 → FA T3	0.51	0.08	0.000
SUPP → FA T3	−0.06	0.07	0.389
UNSUPP → FA T3	−0.03	0.07	0.610
FA T1 → FA T3	0.09	0.09	0.297
Maternal education → FA T3	0.09	0.08	0.238
Child sex → FA T3	0.00	0.07	0.933
ST T2 → ST T3	0.52	0.07	0.000
MREG T2 → ST T3	0.24	0.07	0.002
BTV T2 → ST T3	0.00	0.07	0.906
PMU T2 → ST T3	−0.04	0.07	0.564
FA T2 → ST T3	−0.05	0.08	0.521
SUPP → ST T3	−0.12	0.06	0.080
UNSUPP → ST T3	0.03	0.06	0.628
FA T1 → ST T3	−0.04	0.08	0.563
Maternal education → ST T3	−0.10	0.07	0.151
Child sex → ST T3	−0.06	0.06	0.364
ST T2 → MREG T3	0.07	0.07	0.831
MREG T2 → MREG T3	0.38	0.09	0.000
BTV T2 → MREG T3	−0.07	0.07	0.306
PMU T2 → MREG T3	−0.06	0.07	0.359
FA T2 → MREG T3	−0.17	0.08	0.037
SUPP → MREG T3	0.00	0.07	0.987
UNSUPP → MREG T3	0.07	0.07	0.280
FA T1 → MREG T3	−0.03	0.08	0.656
Maternal education → MREG T3	−0.04	0.07	0.540
Child sex → MREG T3	0.02	0.06	0.739
MREG T1 → MREG T3	0.29	0.08	0.001
ST T2 → BTV T3	0.06	0.07	0.355
MREG T2 → BTV T3	−0.08	0.07	0.204
BTV T2 → BTV T3	0.50	0.07	0.000
PMU T2 → BTV T3	−0.04	0.06	0.540
FA T2 → BTV T3	−0.06	0.07	0.428
SUPP → BTV T3	0.00	0.06	0.951
UNSUPP → BTV T3	0.05	0.06	0.370
FA T1 → BTV T3	−0.03	0.07	0.661
Maternal education → BTV T3	−0.12	0.06	0.072
Child sex → BTV T3	0.02	0.05	0.678
BTV T1 → BTV T3	0.27	0.07	0.000
ST T2 → PMU T3	−0.10	0.09	0.244
MREG T2 → PMU T3	−0.02	0.09	0.775
BTV T2 → PMU T3	0.09	0.08	0.787
PMU T2 → PMU T3	0.54	0.07	0.000
FA T2 → PMU T3	−0.01	0.09	0.910
SUPP → PMU T3	0.03	0.08	0.666
UNSUPP → PMU T3	0.04	0.07	0.602
FA T1 → PMU T3	0.01	0.09	0.860
Maternal education → PMU T3	0.14	0.08	0.081
Child sex → PMU T3	−0.07	0.07	0.341

Model fit: χ²(18) = 26.72, p = 0.08, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMR = 0.02; T1, age 18 months; T2, age 22 months; T3, age 26 months; CMU, cumulative media use; FA, focused attention; ST, screen time; BTV, background television; MREG, use of media to regulate child distress; PMU, maternal mobile device use; MEDU, maternal education; SUPP, supportive parenting; UNSUPP, unsupportive parenting.